Alexander Nikolaevich Radishchev - Wolemba ndakatulo waku Russia, wolemba ndakatulo, wafilosofi, membala wa Commission for the Drafting of Law pansi pa Alexander 1. Adapeza kutchuka kwakukulu chifukwa cha buku lake lalikulu "Ulendo wochokera ku St. Petersburg kupita ku Moscow".
Mbiri ya Alexander Radishchev ili ndi zambiri zosangalatsa pamoyo wake wapagulu.
Chifukwa chake, patsogolo panu pali mbiri yayifupi ya Alexander Radishchev.
Mbiri ya Alexander Radishchev
Alexander Radishchev adabadwa pa Ogasiti 20 (31), 1749 m'mudzi wa Verkhnee Ablyazovo. Anakulira ndipo anakulira m'banja lalikulu lomwe linali ndi ana 11.
Abambo a wolemba, Nikolai Afanasyevich, anali munthu wophunzira komanso wopembedza yemwe amadziwa zilankhulo zinayi. Amayi, Fekla Savvichna, adachokera ku banja lolemekezeka la Argamakovs.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Alexander Radishchev adakhala ali mwana m'mudzi wa Nemtsovo, m'chigawo cha Kaluga, komwe kunali malo a abambo ake.
Mnyamatayo adaphunzira kuwerenga ndi kulemba kuchokera ku Psalter, komanso adaphunzira Chifalansa, chomwe chinali chotchuka panthawiyo.
Ali ndi zaka 7, Alexander anatumizidwa ndi makolo ake ku Moscow, m'manja mwa amalume ake a amayi awo. M'nyumba ya Argamakovs, adaphunzira sayansi zosiyanasiyana pamodzi ndi ana a amalume ake.
Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti namkungwi waku France, yemwe adathawa kwawo chifukwa chazunzo zandale, adachita nawo polera ana. Munthawi imeneyi ya mbiri yake, mchidziwitso chomwe adapeza, mnyamatayo adayamba kudzipangira yekha ufulu.
Atafika zaka 13, atangolongedwa Catherine II, Radishchev adalemekezedwa kukhala m'modzi mwa masamba achifumu.
Posakhalitsa mnyamatayo adatumikira mfumukazi pazinthu zosiyanasiyana. Patatha zaka 4, Alexander, pamodzi ndi anyamata olemekezeka 11, adatumizidwa ku Germany kukaphunzira zamalamulo.
Pakadali pano, mbiri ya Radishchev idakwanitsa kukulitsa kwambiri mawonekedwe ake. Kubwerera ku Russia, achinyamata adayang'ana mtsogolo mwachidwi ndikuyesetsa kuti athandizire dziko lawo.
Mabuku
Alexander Radishchev adachita chidwi ndi zolemba adakali ku Germany. Atafika ku St. Petersburg, anakumana ndi mwiniwake wa nyumba yosindikiza ya Zhivopisets, komwe nkhani yake idasindikizidwa pambuyo pake.
M'nkhani yake, Radishchev adalongosola za moyo wachisoni m'mudzimo, komanso sanaiwale kutchula serfdom. Ntchitoyi idakwiyitsa kwambiri akuluakuluwo, koma wafilosofi uja adapitiliza kulemba ndikumasulira mabuku.
Ntchito yoyamba yosindikizidwa ndi Alexander Radishchev idasindikizidwa mosadziwika.
Ntchitoyi idatchedwa "The Life of Fyodor Vasilyevich Ushakov ndi kuwonjezera kwa zina mwa ntchito zake." Anapatulira kwa mnzake wa Radishchev ku University of Leipzig.
Bukuli lilinso ndi malingaliro ndi ziganizo zambiri zomwe zimatsutsana ndi malingaliro aboma.
Mu 1789 Radishchev adaganiza zopereka kwa owunika zolembedwazo "Kuyenda kuchokera ku St. Petersburg kupita ku Moscow", zomwe mtsogolomo zimubweretsera ulemu komanso chisoni chachikulu.
Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti poyambirira ofufuzawo samawona chilichonse choukira pantchitoyi, pokhulupirira kuti bukulo linali chitsogozo chosavuta. Chifukwa chake, chifukwa choti bungweli lidachita ulesi kwambiri kuti lisanthule tanthauzo lakuya la "Kuyenda", nkhaniyi idaloledwa kutumizidwa kuti isindikizidwe.
Komabe, palibe nyumba yosindikizira yomwe idafuna kufalitsa ntchitoyi. Zotsatira zake, Alexander Radishchev, pamodzi ndi anthu amalingaliro ofanana, adayamba kusindikiza bukuli kunyumba.
Mavoliyumu oyamba a Travel adagulitsidwa nthawi yomweyo. Ntchitoyi inadzetsa chisokonezo pakati pa anthu ndipo posakhalitsa inatha m'manja mwa Catherine Wamkulu.
Mfumukaziyi itawerenga nkhaniyi, idawunikira mawu owopsa. Zotsatira zake, mtundu wonsewo udalandidwa ndikuwotchedwa pamoto.
Mwa lamulo la Ekaterina Radishchev adamangidwa, kenako adatumizidwa ku Irkutsk Ilimsk. Komabe, ngakhale komweko adapitilizabe kulemba ndikusinkhasinkha zovuta zamunthu.
Zochita pagulu komanso ukapolo
Pamaso pa chisokonezo chokhudzana ndi kufalitsa kwa Travel kuchokera ku St.
Mwamunayo adagwira ntchito kwa zaka zingapo mu dipatimenti ya zamalonda ndi mafakitale, kenako adasamukira ku miyambo, komwe mzaka khumi adadzuka kukhala mkulu.
Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti atamangidwa, Radishchev sanakane mlandu wake. Komabe, adasokonezeka ndikuti adaweruzidwa kuti aphedwe, zomwe zimamupangitsa kuti amupandukire.
Mlembiyu adamuimbanso mlandu woti "akusokoneza thanzi la amfumu." Radishchev adapulumutsidwa kuimfa ndi Catherine, yemwe adasintha chigamulocho ndikumutengera ku Siberia zaka khumi.
Moyo waumwini
Kwa zaka zambiri za mbiri yake, Alexander Radishchev adakwatirana kawiri.
Mkazi wake woyamba anali Anna Rubanovskaya. Mgwirizanowu, anali ndi ana asanu ndi mmodzi, awiri mwa iwo adamwalira ali aang'ono.
Rubanovskaya adamwalira pakubadwa kwake kwachisanu ndi chimodzi mu 1783 ali ndi zaka 31.
Pomwe wolemba wochititsa manyazi uja adatumizidwa ku ukapolo, mng'ono wa mkazi wake womwalirayo dzina lake Elizabeth adayamba kuyang'anira anawo. Popita nthawi, mtsikanayo adafika ku Radishchev ku Ilimsk, atatenga ana ake awiri - Ekaterina ndi Pavel.
Ali ku ukapolo, Elizabeth ndi Alexander anayamba kukhala ngati mwamuna ndi mkazi. Pambuyo pake adakhala ndi mwana wamwamuna ndi atsikana awiri.
Mu 1797 Alexander anakhala wamasiye kachiwiri. Atabwerera kuchokera ku ukapolo, Elizaveta Vasilyevna anagwidwa ndi chimfine panjira m'chaka cha 1797 ndipo anamwalira ku Tobolsk.
Zaka zapitazi ndi imfa
Radishchev adamasulidwa ku ukapolo nthawi isanakwane.
Mu 1796, pampando wachifumu, Paul I, yemwe amadziwika kuti anali ndiubwenzi wowopsa ndi amayi ake a Catherine II.
Emperor, ngakhale amayi ake, adalamula kuti amasule Alexander Radishchev mwakufuna kwawo. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti wafilosofi adalandira chikhululukiro chokwanira ndikubwezeretsa ufulu wake kale muulamuliro wa Alexander I mu 1801.
Munthawi imeneyi ya mbiri yake, Radishchev adakhazikika ku St. Petersburg, ndikupanga malamulo ku komiti yoyenera.
Alexander Nikolaevich Radishchev adamwalira pa Seputembara 12 (24), 1802 ali ndi zaka 53. Panali mphekesera zosiyanasiyana pazifukwa zomwe amwalira. Amanena kuti adadzipha pomwa poizoni.
Komabe, sizikudziwika bwinobwino momwe womwalirayo angakhalire ndi maliro mu tchalitchi, chifukwa mu Orthodoxy amakana kuchita maliro a kudzipha ndipo nthawi zambiri amachita miyambo ina yamaliro.
Chikalatacho chikuti Radishchev amwalira ndi mowa.
