Ngati, zaka 200 zapitazo, winawake adati zomwe zikuyambitsa nkhondo zambiri mzaka zam'ma 2000 zikadakhala mafuta, ena angakayikire kuti ndizokwanira. Kodi madzi amphesa komanso onunkhirawa amagulitsidwa m'masitolo? Ndani angafune, ndipo ndizomveka kuti athetse nkhondo?
Chifukwa cha mayeso amtundu wankhondo? Chotsani!
Koma munthawi yochepa kwambiri, malinga ndi mbiri yakale, mafuta akhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chopezeka. Silofunika pakatanthauzidwe ka mtengo, koma potanthauzira kukula kwa ntchito m'chuma.
Kudumpha koyamba pakufuna mafuta kunachitika pamene mafuta a palafini omwe ankagwiritsidwa ntchito poyatsira. Ndiye kugwiritsa ntchito kunapezeka kwa mafuta omwe kale anali opanda pake - kuyendetsa dziko lapansi kunayamba. Kenako ntchito zinyalala processing - mafuta ndi mafuta dizilo. Adaphunzira kupanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndi mafuta kuchokera ku mafuta, ambiri omwe kulibe chilengedwe.
Makina amakono osinthira mafuta
Nthawi yomweyo, kupezeka kwa magawo azinthu zamtengo wapatali komanso zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri sikubweretsa kulemera kapena kukhazikika kwachuma kuboma nthawi zonse. Mafuta amapangidwa osati ndi mayiko, koma ndi mabungwe akunja, omwe amathandizidwa ndi gulu lankhondo lalikulu kwambiri. Ndipo maboma amalandira gawo la ndalama zomwe opanga mafuta amavomereza kulipira. Mwachitsanzo, nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itangotha, mayiko achiarabu adalandira pakati pa $ 12 mpaka $ 25 pa barle yamafuta yopangidwa mdera lawo. Kuyesera kusewera masewera awo kwa atsogoleri ena olimba mtima kwambiri amawononga ntchito zawo, ngakhale miyoyo yawo. M'mayiko awo, panali osakhutira ndi kena kake (ndipo mdziko liti aliyense amasangalala ndi chilichonse), komanso kupitirira apo osadandaulawo atasankha chisankho chosiya, kuthamangitsidwa, imfa, kapena kuphatikiza izi.
Izi zikuchitikabe mpaka pano. Kuphatikiza apo, mapurezidenti ndi nduna zazikulu amagwetsedwa ndikuphedwa osati chifukwa cha zochita zawo, koma chifukwa chongopeka kuti akhoza kuzichita. Mtsogoleri waku Libya a Muammar Gaddafi anali wokhulupirika kwambiri kumadzulo, koma izi sizinamupulumutse ku kuphedwa mwankhanza. Ndipo tsogolo lake silosiyana ndi la Saddam Hussein, yemwe adayesetsa kutsatira mfundo zodziyimira pawokha. Nthawi zina "golide wakuda" amakhala temberero ...
1. Mpaka pakati pa zaka za zana la makumi awiri, Baku ndiye dera lalikulu lomwe limapanga mafuta ku Russia ndi USSR. Amadziwa za mafuta ku Russia m'mbuyomu, ndipo amadziwa momwe angapangidwire, koma pomwe mu 1840 kazembe wa Transcaucasia adatumiza mafuta a Baku ku Academy of Sciences, asayansi adamuyankha kuti madzi awa samathandiza chilichonse kupatula mafuta otsekemera. Panatsala zaka zingapo mafuta asanachitike ...
2. Kuchotsa mafuta sikumabweretsa chuma nthawi zonse komanso kupambana m'moyo. Woyambitsa kampani yamafuta yaku Russia, a Fyodor Pryadunov, adapukusa bwino mkuwa ndi lead mpaka atapeza gawo lamafuta. Miliyoneya uja adayika ndalama zake zonse pakhomopo, adalandira thandizo la boma, koma sanakwaniritse chilichonse. Fyodor Pryadunov anamwalira ali m'ndende ya ngongole.
Fyodor Pryadunov
3. Makina oyenga mafuta oyamba padziko lapansi adatsegulidwa koyambirira kwa chaka cha 1856 m'dera lomwe masiku ano limatchedwa Poland. Ignacy Lukashevich anatsegula bizinesi yomwe inatulutsa mafuta a mafuta ndi mafuta a mafuta, omwe chiwerengero chawo chinawonjezeka ngati chiwonongeko pa nthawi ya sayansi ndi zamakono. Chomeracho chinangokhala chaka chimodzi (chinawotchedwa), koma chinapatsa ulemu woyamba wa Mlengi wake.
Kuzindikira Lukashevich
4. Mtsutso woyamba wamalonda, womwe udayambitsidwa ndi mafuta, umawoneka ngati nthabwala patadutsa zaka zana ndi theka. Wasayansi wotchuka waku America a Benjamin Silliman adalandira lamulo kuchokera ku gulu la amalonda mu 1854. Chofunikira cha lamuloli chinali chophweka kwambiri: kufufuza ngati zingatheke kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta kuyatsa, ndipo panjira, ngati kuli kotheka, kuzindikira zina zilizonse zothandiza pazinthu zakale, kuphatikiza zamankhwala (mafuta anali atagulitsidwa m'masitolo ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda osiyanasiyana). Silliman adakwaniritsa lamuloli, koma bizinesi shark consortium sinali yofulumira kulipirira ntchitoyi. Wasayansiyo anayenera kuopseza kuti adzafalitsa mu kafukufukuyo atolankhani, ndipo pambuyo pake adalandira ndalama zofunikira. Anali madola 526 masenti 8. Ndipo "ochita malonda" sanali anzeru - analibe ndalama zotere, amayenera kubwereka.
Ben Silliman sanapereke zotsatira zake zaulere kwaulere
5. Mafuta omwe anali mu nyali zoyambirira za palafini analibe chochita ndi mafuta - palafiniyo ndiye anali kupezeka ndi malasha. Pokhapokha theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la 19, ataphunzira kale za B. Silliman, adayamba kupeza mafuta a mafuta kuchokera ku mafuta. Kunali kusintha kwa mafuta a mafuta a petroleum komwe kunapangitsa kuti mafuta awonjezeke kwambiri.
6. Poyamba, mafuta omwe ankasungunulidwa amachitidwa kuti apeze mafuta a mafuta ndi mafuta. Tuzigawo ting'onoting'ono (ndiye kuti, makamaka mafuta) tinapangidwa ndi mankhwala. Pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20, ndikufalikira kwamagalimoto, mafuta adayamba kugulitsidwa. Ndipo kumbuyo kuma 1890 ku United States, akanatha kugula masenti 0,5 pa lita.
7. Mafuta ku Siberia adapezeka ndi Mikhail Sidorov kumbuyo ku 1867, koma nyengo yovuta komanso magwiridwe antchito panthawiyo zimapangitsa kuti "golide wakuda" kumpoto asapindule. Sidorov, yemwe adapanga mamiliyoni ambiri kuchokera kumigodi yagolide, adasokonekera ndikukonzanso chikhulupiriro cha opanga mafuta.
Mikhail Sidorov
8. Kutulutsa mafuta kwakukulu koyamba ku US kudayambira mumudzi wa Titusville, Pennsylvania. Anthu adachitapo kanthu atapeza mchere watsopano monga kupezeka kwa golide. M'masiku angapo mu 1859, anthu aku Titusville adakulirakulira kangapo, ndipo migolo ya kachasu, momwe mafuta omwe adatulutsidwa adathiridwa, adagulidwa kangapo mtengo kuposa mtengo wamafuta wofanana. Nthawi yomweyo, opanga mafuta adalandira maphunziro awo oyamba achitetezo. "Nyumba yosungiramo katundu" ya Colonel E. L. Drake (wolemba mawu odziwika kuti woweruza wamkulu ndi Colt wake wowomberedwa zisanu ndi chimodzi), omwe antchito ake anali oyamba kupeza mafuta, adawotcha pamoto wa nyali wamba ya palafini. Mafuta omwe anali munyumba yosungira anali kusungidwa ngakhale m'mapani ...
Colonel Drake, ngakhale anali woyenera, adamwalira ali wosauka
9. Kusintha kwamitengo yamafuta sikunayambike kwazaka za zana la 20. Pakangotsegulidwa chitsime choyamba ku Pennsylvania, ndikupanga migolo 3,000 patsiku, mtengo udatsika kuchoka pa $ 10 mpaka masenti 10, kenako ndikukwera $ 7.3 mbiya. Ndipo zonsezi kwa chaka ndi theka.
10. Ku Pennsylvania, pafupi ndi Titusville wotchuka, kuli tawuni yomwe mbiri yake siyodziwika kwambiri ndi kutsatsa. Amatchedwa Pithole. Mu 1865, mafuta adatengedwa pafupi, munali mu Januware. M'mwezi wa Julayi, wokhala ku Pithole, yemwe chaka chapitacho adayesetsa kubweza ngongole ya $ 500 pa chitetezo cha malo ndi famu, adagulitsa famu iyi $ 1.3 miliyoni, ndipo miyezi ingapo pambuyo pake mwini nyumbayo adagulitsanso $ 2 miliyoni. Mabanki, malo olembera matelefoni, mahotela, manyuzipepala, nyumba zokwerera anthu adapezeka mumzinda. Koma zitsimezo zinauma, ndipo mu Januware 1866 Pithole adabwerera momwe ankakhalira dzenje lakuwona.
11. Kutangoyamba kumene kupanga mafuta, a John Rockefeller, omwe anali ndi bizinesi yolemekezeka yamafuta panthawiyo (adagula theka la gawo lake $ 72,500), mwanjira inayake adatsala opanda mabulu ake wamba. Zinapezeka kuti wophika buledi waku Germany, yemwe banja lake lakhala likugula masikono kwa zaka zambiri, adaganiza kuti bizinesi yamafuta inali yodalirika, adagulitsa ophika buledi ndikukhazikitsa kampani yamafuta. Rockefeller adati iye ndi mnzake amayenera kugula kampani yamafuta ku Germany ndikumunyengerera kuti abwerere pantchito yake yanthawi zonse. Podziwa njira za Rockefeller mu bizinesi, ndizotheka kunena ndi mwayi waukulu kuti aku Germany sanalandireko kobiri kampani yake - a Rockefellers nthawi zonse amadziwa momwe angatsimikizire.
A John Rockefeller amayang'ana mandala a kamera ngati chinthu choti chitha kuyamwa
12. Lingaliro lofuna mafuta ku Saudi Arabia kwa mfumu yomwe idalamulira dziko lino, Ibn Saud, idalimbikitsidwa ndi a Jack Philby, bambo a mkulu wanzeru padziko lonse lapansi. Poyerekeza ndi abambo ake, Kim anali njonda yabwino kwambiri. Jack Philby nthawi zonse ankadzudzula olamulira aku Britain, ngakhale ali pantchito yaboma. Ndipo atasiya, Jack adatuluka onse. Adasamukira ku Saudi Arabia ndipo adasinthiranso Chisilamu. Pokhala bwenzi lenileni la a King Ibn Saud, a Philby Sr. adakhala nthawi yayitali ndi iwo pamaulendo kuzungulira dziko. Mavuto akulu awiri aku Saudi Arabia mzaka za m'ma 1920 anali ndalama ndi madzi. Palibe ngakhale imodzi yomwe idasowa kwambiri. Ndipo a Philby adalangiza kufunafuna mafuta m'malo mwa madzi - ngati angapezeke, mavuto onse akulu amfumu adzathetsedwa.
Ibn Saud
13. Kuyenga ndi petrochemicals ndi mafakitale awiri osiyana. Amakonza mafuta m'zigawo zingapo, ndipo akatswiri a petrochemist amatenga mafuta awo kunja, monga nsalu zopangira kapena feteleza amchere.
14. Poyembekezera kuti mwina gulu lankhondo la Hitler lidzaukira ku Transcaucasus komanso kuchepa kwa mafuta, Soviet Union, motsogozedwa ndi Lavrenty Beria, adayambitsa ndikukhazikitsa njira yoyambira mafuta. Mafuta oyaka omwe adatengedwa m'chigawo cha Baku adakwezedwa m'matanki a njanji, omwe kenako adaponyedwa mu Nyanja ya Caspian. Kenako akasinja anamangirizidwa ndi kukokera ku Astrakhan. Kumeneko adayikidwanso pa ngolo ndikunyamulidwa kupita kumpoto. Ndipo mafutawo adangosungidwa m'mipata yokhazikika, m'mbali mwake momwe anakonzera madamu.
Sitima yamagetsi?
15. Nkhani zabodza zenizeni komanso magwiridwe antchito omwe adatuluka pawailesi yakanema komanso masamba anyuzipepala panthawi yamavuto amafuta mu 1973 anali kuwukira mwamphamvu kwa anthu wamba aku America ndi ku Europe. Mabuku azachuma "otsogola" adatsanulira zopanda pake m'makutu a nzika anzawo mu mzimu wa "mayiko omwe akupanga mafuta aku Arab akuyenera kupopera mafuta kwa mphindi 8 zokha kuti agule Eiffel Tower ndi onse ogwira nawo ntchito komanso kampani yoyang'anira." Zowona kuti ndalama zapachaka zamayiko onse 8 opangira mafuta aku Arab zimangodutsa 4% ya US GDP zidatsalira.
"Aarabu anaba mafuta anu m'bale"
16. Nkhani yoyamba yamafuta idatsegulidwa ku Titusville mu 1871. Anagulitsa mitundu itatu yamapangano: "malo" (kutumiza mwachangu), kutumizidwa kwamasiku 10 ndikudziwika kwa tonsefe "tsogolo", lomwe linapanga chuma ndikukhala bankirapuse, osawona mafuta ndi maso.
17. Wasayansi wamkulu Dmitry Mendeleev adawoneratu kuwonekera kwamafuta m'makampani. Dmitry Ivanovich adapanga zida zopangira mafuta osungunulira mosalekeza ndi zida zopangira mafuta ndi mafuta nthawi yayitali asanakhale othandiza.
Dmitry Mendeleev anakhulupirira moyenera kuti sizovomerezeka kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta ngati mafuta
18. Ku Western Europe ndi ku United States, nkhani zonena za "mavuto amafuta" kuyambira 1973 mpaka 1974 zidzamveka ngakhale ndi adzukulu adzukulu aamuna omwe amayendetsa magalimoto awo m'malo oimikapo magalimoto pafupi ndi malo ogulitsira mafuta. Arabu oyipa adakweza mtengo wamafuta kuchokera pa madola 5.6 mpaka 11.25 mbiya. Chifukwa cha zochita zachinyengozi, mafuta agogo agogo aamuna adakwera kanayi. Nthawi yomweyo, dola idagwa pafupifupi 15%, zomwe zidachepetsa kukwera kwamitengo.
Mavuto a mafuta. Pikiniki ya Hippies pamisewu yopanda kanthu
19. Nkhani yakuyamba kwa mafuta ku Iran tsopano akuti ndi melodrama yakulira. Mgodi wa golide William D'Arcy mu ukalamba wake (zaka 51 ndi mapaundi pafupifupi 7 miliyoni m'sitolo) amapita ku Iran kukafuna mafuta. Shah waku Iran ndi nduna zake za mapaundi 20,000 ndi malonjezo abodza a 10% yamafuta ndi 16% ya phindu la kampani yomwe imapeza mafuta, imapatsa 4/5 gawo la Iran chitukuko. Injiniya, womasulidwa ndi D'Arcy ndi kampaniyo, amawononga ndalama zonse, koma sapeza mafuta (zachidziwikire!), Ndipo alandila kuti apite ku England. Womanga (dzina lake Reynolds) sanachite izi, ndikupitiliza kufufuza. Apa ndipamene zonse zidayamba ... Reynolds adapeza mafuta, D'Arcy ndipo omwe akugawana nawo masheya adapeza ndalama, shah adasunga mapaundi 20,000 ndi iye, komanso bajeti yaku Iran, yomwe D'Arcy (woyambitsa wa British Petroleum) adachita nawo chidwi, sanawone ngakhale chidwi chomvomerezeka ...
William D'Arcy pakufunafuna mafuta sanathe kukhazikika ngakhale atakalamba
20. Imfa ya Enrico Mattei ndichitsanzo chabwino cha zomwe zimachitika mwa osankhidwa amafuta. Chitaliyana adasankhidwa kukhala director wa kampani yamagetsi yaboma ya AGIP nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itatha. Amayenera kukonza chuma chomwe chinawonongedwa ndi nkhondo, kenako ndikugulitsa kampaniyo. Mu kanthawi kochepa, Mattei adakwanitsanso kuyambitsa ndikulitsa kampaniyo, ndikupeza minda yaying'ono yamafuta ndi gasi ku Italy. Pambuyo pake, pamaziko a AGIP, ENI yopanga mphamvu yamphamvu kwambiri idapangidwa, yomwe imayang'anira gawo la mkango wachuma ku Italy. Pomwe Mattei anali otanganidwa ndi Apennine Peninsula, iwo adanyalanyaza mphamvu yake. Koma kampani yaku Italiya itayamba kupanga mgwirizano wodziyimira payokha wamafuta kuchokera ku USSR ndi mayiko ena achisosholizimu, ntchitoyi idayimitsidwa mwachangu. Ndege yomwe Mattei adakwera idachita ngozi. Poyamba, chigamulo chinaperekedwa chokhudza kusowa kwaukadaulo kapena vuto loyendetsa ndege, koma kufufuzanso kunawonetsa kuti ndegeyo inaphulitsidwa. Omwe akuchita izi sanadziwike.
Enrique Mattei adayesetsa kukwera m'malo olakwikawo ndipo adalangidwa mwankhanza. Palibe otsatira omwe anapezeka
