Jules Henri Poincaré (1854-1912) - Wamasamu waku France, wamakaniko, wafizikiki, katswiri wazakuthambo komanso wafilosofi. Mtsogoleri wa Paris Academy of Sciences, membala wa French Academy komanso maphunziro ena opitilira 30 padziko lonse lapansi. Iye ndi mmodzi mwa akatswiri a masamu m'mbiri ya anthu.
Zimadziwika kuti Poincaré, limodzi ndi a Hilbert, anali womaliza masamu wapadziko lonse - wasayansi wokhoza kufotokoza masamu onse am'nthawi yake.
Pali zambiri zosangalatsa pamfundo ya Poincaré, yomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, musanakhale ndi mbiri yayifupi ya Henri Poincaré.
Mbiri ya Poincaré
Henri Poincaré adabadwa pa Epulo 29, 1854 mumzinda waku Nancy ku France. Iye anakula ndipo anakulira m'banja la pulofesa wa zamankhwala Léon Poincaré ndi mkazi wake Eugénie Lanois. Anali ndi mng'ono wake, Alina.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Kuyambira ali mwana, a Henri Poincaré adasiyanitsidwa ndi malingaliro ake omwe sanapezeke, omwe adakhala nawo mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wawo. Ali mwana, adadwala matenda a diphtheria, omwe kwa nthawi yayitali adaumitsa miyendo ndi mkamwa mwa mnyamatayo.
Kwa miyezi ingapo, Poincaré samatha kuyankhula komanso kusuntha. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti panthawiyi malingaliro ake akumva adakhala ovuta kwambiri ndipo kuthekera kwapadera kudabuka - mawonekedwe amtundu wamamvekedwe.
Chifukwa chakukonzekera bwino kunyumba, Anri wazaka 8 adatha kulowa mu Lyceum nthawi yachaka chachiwiri. Adalandira mamaki apamwamba pamakalata onse ndipo adadziwika kuti ndi wophunzira erudite.
Pambuyo pake Poincaré adasamukira ku Faculty of Literature, komwe adaphunzira Chilatini, Chijeremani ndi Chingerezi. Ali ndi zaka 17, adachita maphunziro aukadaulo. Kenako adafuna kupeza digiri ya bachelor mu sayansi (yachilengedwe), kuti apambane mayeso ndi chizindikiro "chokwanira".
Izi zidachitika chifukwa choti pamayeso a masamu, Henri, chifukwa chakusakhalapo kwake, adaganiza tikiti yolakwika.
M'dzinja la 1873, mnyamatayo adalowa Sukulu ya Polytechnic. Posakhalitsa adasindikiza nkhani yake yoyamba yasayansi yokhudza masiyanidwe a geometry. Pambuyo pake, Poincaré adapitiliza maphunziro ake ku Sukulu ya Migodi - malo apamwamba ophunzira. Apa adakwanitsa kuteteza dissertation yake ya udokotala.
Zochita zasayansi
Atalandira digiri yake, Henri adayamba kuphunzitsa ku yunivesite ina ku Cannes. Munthawi imeneyi ya mbiri yake, adapereka ntchito zingapo zofunika kuzipanga.
Kuphunzira ntchito automorphic, munthuyo anapeza ubale wawo ndi masamu Lobachevsky. Zotsatira zake, mayankho omwe adapereka adapangitsa kuti athe kuwerengera kufanana kulikonse ndi ma algebraic coefficients.
Malingaliro a Poincaré nthawi yomweyo adakopa chidwi cha akatswiri aku masamu aku Europe. Mu 1881 wasayansi wachichepere adapemphedwa kuti akaphunzitse ku University of Paris. M'zaka za moyo wake, iye anali mlengi wa nthambi yatsopano ya masamu - chiphunzitso Mkhalidwe wa masiyanidwe.
Mu nthawi ya 1885-1895. Henri Poincaré adayamba kuthetsa mavuto ena ovuta kwambiri mu sayansi ya zakuthambo ndi masamu. Cha m'ma 1880, adachita nawo mpikisano wamasamu, posankha mutu wovuta kwambiri. Amayenera kuwerengera kayendedwe kazinthu zakuthambo.
Poincaré adapereka njira zothanirana ndi vutoli, chifukwa chake adapatsidwa mphothoyo. M'modzi mwa mamembala oweluza adati pambuyo pa ntchito ya Henri, nyengo yatsopano m'mbiri yamakina akumwamba iyamba padziko lapansi.
Mwamunayo ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 32, anapatsidwa udindo woyang'anira Dipatimenti ya Mathematical Fizikiya ndi Nthanthi Yopezeka ku University of Paris. Apa Poincaré adapitiliza kulemba zolemba zatsopano zasayansi, ndikupanga zinthu zofunika kwambiri.
Izi zidapangitsa kuti a Henri asankhidwe Purezidenti wa French Mathematical Society komanso membala wa Paris Academy of Science. Mu 1889, buku la mavoliyumu 12 "Course of Mathematical Physics" lidasindikizidwa ndi wasayansiyo.
Kutsatira izi, Poincare adasindikiza monograph "Njira Zatsopano Zamakina Akumwamba". Ntchito zake m'dera lino ndizopambana kwambiri pamakina akumwamba kuyambira nthawi ya Newton.
Nthawi imeneyo, Henri Poincaré amakonda sayansi ya zakuthambo, komanso adapanga nthambi yatsopano yamasamu - topology. Iye ndiye mlembi wa ntchito zofunika kwambiri zakuthambo. Adakwanitsa kutsimikizira kukhalapo kwa ziwerengero zina kupatula ellipsoid (adasanthula kukhazikika kwawo).
Pozindikira izi mu 1900, Mfalansa adapatsidwa mendulo yagolide ku Royal Astronomical Society yaku London. A Henri Poincaré afalitsa zolemba zingapo zofunika kwambiri pamutu. Zotsatira zake, adayamba ndikupereka lingaliro lake lotchuka, lotchedwa pambuyo pake.
Dzinalo la Poincaré limakhudzana mwachindunji ndi chiphunzitso cha kulumikizana. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti kubwerera ku 1898, Einstein asanabadwe, Poincaré adakhazikitsa mfundo yokhudzana ndi ubale. Anali woyamba kunena kuti zochitika sizofananira, koma zongokhazikitsidwa.
Kuphatikiza apo, Henri adatulutsa mtundu wa kuthamanga kwakanthawi kounikira. Komabe, mosiyana ndi Poincaré, Einstein adakana kwathunthu lingaliro la ether, pomwe Mfalansa adapitiliza kuigwiritsa ntchito.
Kusiyananso kwina pakati pa malo a Poincaré ndi Einstein ndikuti malingaliro angapo ovomerezeka, a Henri amawona ngati zotsatira zake, ndipo Einstein - monga wachibale. Zachidziwikire, kuwunikiridwa pang'ono kwa lingaliro lapadera lachiyanjano (SRT) muzolemba za Poincaré zidapangitsa kuti omwe adagwira nawo ntchito sanasamalire malingaliro ake.
Kenako, Albert Einstein anafufuza mosamalitsa maziko a chithunzichi ndikuchipereka kudziko lonse lapansi mwatsatanetsatane. M'zaka zotsatira, pokambirana za SRT, dzina la Poincaré silinatchulidwe kulikonse.
Ophunzira masamu awiriwa adakumana kamodzi - mu 1911 ku First Solvay Congress. Ngakhale adakana chiphunzitso chokhudzana ndi ubale, Henri adamchitira ulemu Einstein.
Malinga ndi omwe adalemba mbiri ya a Poincaré, kuyang'ana pang'ono pa chithunzichi kumamulepheretsa kukhala mlembi wovomerezeka wachiphunzitso chokhudzana ndi ubale. Ngati atasanthula mozama, kuphatikiza muyeso wa kutalika ndi nthawi, ndiye kuti chiphunzitsochi chingapatsidwa dzina lake. Komabe, iye, monga akunena, adalephera "kuyika" mpaka kumapeto.
Pazaka zambiri zaukadaulo wake, a Henri Poincaré adalemba ntchito zofunikira pafupifupi pafupifupi masamu, fizikiki, zimango, nzeru ndi zina. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti poyesa kuthetsa vuto linalake, adalithetsa m'malingaliro mwake kenako ndikungolemba yankho papepalalo.
Poincaré anali ndi chokumbukira chodabwitsa, chifukwa chake amatha kufotokoza nkhaniyo mosavuta komanso ngakhale mabuku omwe amawerenga mawu ndi mawu. Sanagwirepo ntchito imodzi kwa nthawi yayitali.
Bamboyo adati chikumbumtima chake chalandira kale msanawo ndipo chidzagwira ntchito ngakhale ubongo utakhala wotanganidwa ndi zinthu zina. Malingaliro ndi malingaliro ambiri adatchulidwa ndi Poincaré, zomwe zimalankhula za kutukuka kwake kwapadera.
Moyo waumwini
Katswiri wa masamu adakumana ndi mkazi wake wamtsogolo Louise Poulin d'Andesy pazaka zamaphunziro ake. Achinyamata adakwatirana mchaka cha 1881. Muukwatiwu, atsikana atatu ndi mwana wamwamuna m'modzi adabadwa.
Anthu a m'nthawi ya Poincaré adalankhula za iye ngati munthu wolemekezeka, wamatsenga, wodzichepetsa komanso wosasamala za kutchuka. Ena anali ndi lingaliro lakuti wachotsedwa, koma izi sizinali zoona kwathunthu. Kulephera kwake kulumikizana kumachitika chifukwa chamanyazi kwambiri komanso kusinkhasinkha nthawi zonse.
Komabe, pokambirana zasayansi, a Henri Poincaré nthawi zonse amakhala olimba pachikhulupiriro chawo. Sanachite nawo zoyipa komanso sananyoze aliyense. Mwamunayo sanasute fodya, ankakonda kuyenda mumsewu ndipo analibe chidwi ndi chipembedzo.
Imfa
Mu 1908, masamu adadwala kwambiri, chifukwa chake adachita opaleshoni. Patatha zaka 4, thanzi lake lidachepa kwambiri. A Henri Poincaré adamwalira atachitidwa opareshoni pa Julayi 17, 1912 ali ndi zaka 58.
Zithunzi za Poincaré
