Moyo wa Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky (1857 - 1935) unakhala chitsanzo chowoneka bwino cha momwe munthu wokonda sayansi angakhalire wasayansi wotchuka ngakhale atakhala ndi chilichonse. Tsiolkovsky analibe thanzi lachitsulo (m'malo mwake, ngakhale anali wotsutsana), analibe chithandizo chilichonse chakuthupi kuchokera kwa makolo ake muubwana wake komanso ndalama zambiri pazaka zake zokhwima, adanyozedwa ndi omwe anali m'nthawi yake ndikudzudzula anzawo mu sayansi. Koma pamapeto pake Konstantin Eduardovich ndi olowa m'malo mwake adatsimikizira kuti wolota Kaluga anali wolondola.
Musaiwale kuti Tsiolkovsky anali kale pa msinkhu wokhwima (anali ndi zaka zoposa 60), pomwe Russia idakumana ndi zoopsa zazikulu kwambiri m'mbiri yake - kuwukira kawiri ndi Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni. Wasayansiyo anatha kupirira mayesero onsewa, komanso kutayika kwa ana amuna awiri ndi mwana wamkazi. Adalemba zolemba zopitilira 400 za sayansi, pomwe Tsiolkovsky iyemwini adawona kuti chiphunzitso chake cha roketi ndi gawo losangalatsa komanso logwirizana ndi malingaliro ake onse, momwe sayansi idasakanizidwira ndi filosofi.
Tsiolkovsky anali kufunafuna njira yatsopano yaumunthu. Chodabwitsa, sikuti adatha kuwalozera anthu omwe anali atangochira kumene kuchokera kumagazi ndi zonyansa zakumenyana kwa mabanja. Chodabwitsa ndichakuti anthu amakhulupirira Tsiolkovsky. Zaka 22 zokha atamwalira, satelayiti yoyamba yapadziko lapansi idakhazikitsidwa ku Soviet Union, ndipo patatha zaka 4 Yuri Gagarin adakwera mlengalenga. Koma zaka 22 izi zidaphatikizanso zaka 4 za Great Patriotic War, komanso kupsinjika kodabwitsa pakumanganso pambuyo pa nkhondo. Malingaliro a Tsiolkovsky ndi ntchito ya otsatira ake ndi ophunzira zidathetsa zopinga zonse.
1. Bambo Konstantin Tsiolkovsky anali woyang'anira nkhalango. Mofanana ndi maudindo ambiri aboma ku Russia, okhudzana ndi nkhalango, zimaganiziridwa kuti apeza chakudya chake. Komabe, a Eduard Tsiolkovsky adadziwika ndi kudwala kwawo panthawiyo ndipo amakhala kokha pamalipiro ochepa, akugwira ntchito yophunzitsa. Zachidziwikire, nkhalango zina sizinakonde mnzake wotere, chifukwa chake Tsiolkovsky nthawi zambiri amayenera kusamuka. Kuphatikiza pa Constantine, banjali linali ndi ana 12, anali womaliza mwa anyamatawo.
2. Umphawi wa banja la a Tsiolkovsky amadziwika bwino ndi nkhani yotsatira. Ngakhale amayi anali kuchita maphunziro m'banja, bambo ake mwanjira ina adaganiza zopatsa anawo nkhani yayifupi yokhudza kuzungulira kwa Dziko Lapansi. Pofuna kufotokoza njirayi, adatenga apulo ndipo, ndikuuboola ndi singano yoluka, adayamba kuzungulira mozungulira singano iyi. Anawo adachita chidwi ndi kuwona apulo kotero kuti sanamvere kulongosola kwa abambo awo. Anakwiya, naponya apulo pa tebulo ndikuchokapo. Zipatsozo zidadyedwa nthawi yomweyo.
3. Ali ndi zaka 9, Kostya wamng'ono adadwala malungo ofiira. Matendawa adakhudza kumva kwa mnyamatayo ndikusintha moyo wake wotsatira. Tsiolkovsky adakhala wosagwirizana, ndipo omwe adamuzungulira adayamba kuchita manyazi ndi mwana wogontha. Patatha zaka zitatu, amayi ake a Tsiolkovsky adamwalira, zomwe zidakhumudwitsa anyamatawo. Pafupifupi zaka zitatu pambuyo pake, atayamba kuwerenga zambiri, Konstantin adapeza yekha - chidziwitso chomwe adalandira chidamulimbikitsa. Ndipo kugontha, adalemba kumapeto kwa masiku ake, adakhala chikwapu chomwe chidamuyendetsa moyo wake wonse.
4. Ali ndi zaka 11, Tsiolkovsky adayamba kupanga makina osiyanasiyana ndi mitundu ndi manja ake. Anapanga zidole ndi zikwapu, nyumba ndi mawotchi, masleigh ndi ngolo. Zipangizozo zinali kusindikiza sera (m'malo momata) ndi pepala. Ali ndi zaka 14, anali akupanga kale mitundu yoyenda yama sitima ndi ma wheelchair, momwe akasupe anali ngati "motors". Pa zaka 16, Konstantin paokha anasonkhanitsa lathe.
5. Tsiolkovsky adakhala ku Moscow zaka zitatu. Ndalama zochepa zomwe adamutumizira kuchokera kunyumba, adazigwiritsa ntchito pa maphunziro ake, ndipo adakhala weniweni ndi mkate ndi madzi. Koma ku Moscow kunali kosangalatsa - komanso kwaulere - laibulale ya Chertkov. Kumeneko Konstantin sanangopeza mabuku onse ofunikira, komanso adadziwana ndi mabuku atsopano. Komabe, kukhalapo koteroko sikukanakhalitsa - chamoyo chofooka kale sichikanatha kupirira. Tsiolkovsky adabwerera kwa abambo ake ku Vyatka.
6. Mkazi wake Varvara Tsiolkovsky adakumana mu 1880 mtawuni ya Borovsk, komwe adatumizidwa kukagwira ntchito yauphunzitsi atakhoza bwino mayeso. Ukwati udachita bwino kwambiri. Mkazi wake anathandiza Konstantin Eduardovich m'zinthu zonse, ngakhale anali kutali ndi angelo, malingaliro a asayansi kwa iye komanso kuti Tsiolkovsky adagwiritsa ntchito gawo lalikulu lazopeza zochepa mu sayansi.
7. Kuyesera koyamba kwa Tsiolkovsky kufalitsa ntchito yasayansi kunayamba mchaka cha 1880. Mphunzitsi wazaka 23 adatumiza ntchito ndi mutu wofotokozera "Graphic Expression of Sensations" kuofesi ya magazini ya Russian Thought. Mu ntchitoyi, adayesa kutsimikizira kuti chiwerengero cha algebraic cha malingaliro abwino ndi oyipa a munthu m'moyo wake ndi wofanana ndi zero. N'zosadabwitsa kuti ntchitoyi siinafalitsidwe.
8. M'buku lake "Mechanics of gases" Tsiolkovsky adapezanso (patatha zaka 25 kuchokera kwa Clausius, Boltzmann ndi Maxwell) lingaliro lama molekyulu. Ku Russian Physico-Chemical Society, komwe Tsiolkovsky adatumiza ntchito yake, adaganiza kuti wolemba adasowa mwayi wopeza mabuku amakono asayansi ndikuyamikira "Makina", ngakhale anali wachiwiri. Tsiolkovsky adalandiridwa pagulu la Sosaite, koma Konstantin Eduardovich sanatsimikizire umembala wake, womwe pambuyo pake adanong'oneza bondo.
9. Monga mphunzitsi, a Tsiolkovsky anali oyamikiridwa komanso osakondedwa. Amayamikiridwa chakuti adalongosola zonse mophweka komanso momveka bwino, sanachite manyazi kupanga zida ndi mitundu ndi ana. Sanakonde kutsatira mfundo. Konstantin Eduardovich anakana kuphunzitsa zabodza kwa ana a anthu olemera. Kuphatikiza apo, anali wotsimikiza pamayeso omwe akuluakulu adalemba kuti atsimikizire kapena kupititsa magiredi awo. Chiphuphu cha mayeso ngati amenewa chinali gawo lalikulu la ndalama zomwe aphunzitsi amapeza, ndipo kutsatira kwa Tsiolkovsky kumawononga "bizinesi" yonse. Chifukwa chake, madzulo a mayeso, nthawi zambiri zimapezeka kuti woyesa wamkulu kwambiri amafunika kupita kukachita bizinesi. Pamapeto pake, adachotsa Tsiolkovsky m'njira yomwe pambuyo pake idzakhala yotchuka ku Soviet Union - adatumizidwa "kukakweza" ku Kaluga.
10. Mu 1886, KE Tsiolkovsky, pantchito yapadera, adatsimikiza kuthekera kopanga chombo chazitsulo chonse. Lingaliro, lomwe wolemba adapereka yekha ku Moscow, lidavomerezedwa, koma m'mawu okha, kulonjeza wopanga "chithandizo chamakhalidwe". Sizokayikitsa kuti aliyense amafuna kunyoza wopangayo, koma mu 1893 - 1894 waku David David Schwartz adamanga chombo chazitsulo chonse ku St. Petersburg ndi ndalama zapagulu, popanda ntchito ndikukambirana kwa asayansi. Chopepuka kuposa chida chamlengalenga sichinachite bwino, Schwartz adalandila ma ruble ena 10,000 kuchokera ku Treasure kuti akonzenso ndipo ... adathawa. Ndege ya Tsiolkovsky idamangidwa, koma mu 1931 zokha.
11. Atasamukira ku Kaluga, Tsiolkovsky sanasiye maphunziro ake asayansi ndikupanganso. Nthawi ino adabwereza zomwe a Hermann Helmholtz ndi Lord Cavendish, akuwonetsa kuti gwero la mphamvu za nyenyezi ndi mphamvu yokoka. Chochita, zinali zosatheka kulembetsa m'magazini azasayansi zakunja pamalipiro a aphunzitsi.
12. Tsiolkovsky anali woyamba kuganiza zakugwiritsa ntchito ma gyroscopes pakuwuluka. Choyamba, adapanga mercury automatic axle regulator, kenako ndikupempha kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo yoyenda mozungulira poyendetsa ndege.
13. Mu 1897 Tsiolkovsky adadzipangira yekha ngalande ya mphepo yopanga choyambirira. Mapaipi oterewa anali odziwika kale, koma mphepo yamkuntho ya Konstantin Eduardovich inali yofananako - adalumikiza mapaipi awiri pamodzi ndikuyika zinthu zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimapereka lingaliro lomveka bwino la kusiyana kwa kukana kwa mpweya.
14. Kuchokera mu khola la wasayansi kunatuluka zolemba zingapo zopeka za sayansi. Yoyamba inali nkhani "Pa Mwezi" (1893). Izi zidatsatiridwa ndi "Mbiri ya Relative Gravity" (yomwe pambuyo pake idatchedwa "Maloto a Dziko Lapansi ndi Kumwamba"), "Kumadzulo", "Padziko Lapansi ndi Pambuyo Padziko Lapansi mu 2017".
15. "Kufufuza malo apadziko lonse okhala ndi zida za ndege" - uwu unali mutu wa nkhani ya Tsiolkovsky, yomwe idakhazikitsa maziko a cosmonautics. Wasayansi mwanzeru adapanga ndikutsimikizira lingaliro la Nikolai Fedorov za "zosagwirizana" - ma jet injini. Pambuyo pake Tsiolkovsky adavomereza kuti kwa iye malingaliro a Fedorov anali ngati apulo la Newton - adalimbikitsa malingaliro a Tsiolkovsky.
16. Ndege zoyambirira zimangopanga ndege zamanyazi, ndipo Tsiolkovsky anali akuyesera kale kuwerengera zochulukirapo zomwe akatswiri azoyenda adzadutsa. Anakhazikitsa mayesero pa nkhuku ndi mphemvu. Otsatirawa adapirira kuchulukitsa zana. Anawerengetsa velocity yachiwiri ndikubwera ndi lingaliro lokhazikitsa satelayiti yokumba ya Dziko Lapansi (ndiye panalibe nthawi yotere) potembenuka.
17. Ana awiri a Tsiolkovsky adadzipha. Ignat, yemwe adamwalira mu 1902, mwina sakanatha kupirira umphawi, m'malire ndi umphawi. Alexander adadzipachika mu 1923. Mwana wina wamwamuna, Ivan, adamwalira mu 1919 kuchokera ku volvulus. Mwana wamkazi Anna anamwalira mu 1922 ndi chifuwa chachikulu.
18. Kafukufuku woyamba wosiyana wa Tsiolkovsky adangowonekera mu 1908. Kenako, banja, ndi khama zosaneneka, anali wokhoza kugula nyumba kunja kwa Kaluga. Chigumula choyamba chidasefukira, koma padali makola ndi masheya pabwalo. Mwa izi, chipinda chachiwiri chidamangidwa, chomwe chidakhala chipinda chogwirira ntchito cha Konstantin Eduardovich.
Nyumba yobwezeretsedwa ya Tsiolkovsky. Kapangidwe kamene phunziroli linali kumbuyo
19. Ndizotheka kuti namatetule wa Tsiolkovsky akadazindikirika ngakhale zisanachitike, zikadapanda kusowa kwa ndalama. Wasayansi sanathe kufotokoza zambiri mwazinthu zake kwa ogula chifukwa chosowa ndalama. Mwachitsanzo, anali wokonzeka kutulutsa ziphaso zake kwaulere kwa aliyense amene angatulutse zatsopano. Woyimira pakati pakufunafuna osunga ndalama adapatsidwa 25% yamalonda omwe sanachitikepo - pachabe. Sizinangochitika mwangozi kuti kabuku komaliza kofalitsidwa ndi Tsiolkovsky "pansi paulamuliro wakale" mu 1916 kanali ndi mutu wakuti "Chisoni ndi Genius".
20. Kwa zaka zonse zomwe amachita asayansi asanasinthe, Tsiolkovsky adalandira ndalama kamodzi kokha - adapatsidwa ma ruble 470 omanga mphepo yamkuntho. Mu 1919, pomwe dziko la Soviet lidasanduka mabwinja, adapatsidwa ndalama zapenshoni ndikumupatsa gawo lazasayansi (iyi ndiye inali chiwongola dzanja chachikulu kwambiri). Kwa zaka 40 asayansi asanafike, Tsiolkovsky adalemba ntchito 50, m'zaka 17 pansi paulamuliro wa Soviet - 150.
21. Ntchito yasayansi ndi moyo wa Tsiolkovsky zitha kutha mu 1920. Wina Fedorov, wochita masewera ochokera ku Kiev, adalimbikitsanso wasayansi kuti apite ku Ukraine, komwe zonse zakonzeka zomanga ndege. Ali panjira, Fedorov anali atalemberana makalata ndi mamembala oyera pansi. Pamene a Chekists adagwira Fedorov, kukayikira kudagwera Tsiolkovsky. Komabe, patatha milungu iwiri m'ndende, Konstantin Eduardovich anamasulidwa.
22. Mu 1925 - 1926 Tsiolkovsky adasindikizanso "Kufufuza malo mdziko lapansi ndi zida za ndege". Asayansiwo adawatcha kuti kusinthanso, koma pafupifupi adasinthiratu ntchito yake yakale. Mfundo zoyendetsa ndege zinali zomveka bwino, ndipo matekinoloje omwe angakhalepo oyambitsa, kukonza chombo, kuziziritsa ndi kubwerera ku Earth adafotokozedwa. Mu 1929, mu Space Trains, adalongosola ma roketi angapo. Kwenikweni, cosmonautics amakono akadaliko kutengera malingaliro a Tsiolkovsky.
23. Zokonda za Tsiolkovsky sizinangokhala pazakuwuluka mlengalenga komanso mlengalenga. Adasanthula ndikufotokozera matekinoloje opangira mphamvu ya dzuwa ndi mafunde, kutentha kwa madzi, zipinda zowongolera mpweya, kukonza zipululu, komanso kuganiza za sitima zothamanga kwambiri.
24. M'zaka za m'ma 1930, kutchuka kwa Tsiolkovsky kunakhaladi padziko lonse lapansi. Adalandira makalata ochokera padziko lonse lapansi, atolankhani a nyuzipepala adabwera ku Kaluga kudzafunsa malingaliro awo pankhani inayake. Mabungwe aboma la USSR adapempha kufunsa. Chikumbutso 65 wa wasayansi anali chikondwerero chachikulu. Nthawi yomweyo, Tsiolkovsky adakhalabe wodzichepetsa kwambiri pamakhalidwe komanso m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Anakakamizidwa mwanjira ina kuti apite ku Moscow pamwambo wokumbukira tsiku lawo, koma pamene AM Gorky adalembera Tsiolkovsky kuti akufuna kubwera kwa iye ku Kaluga, wasayansiyo adakana mwaulemu. Zinali zovuta kuti alandire wolemba wamkulu muofesi yake, yomwe adamuyitcha "kuunika".
25. Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky adamwalira pa Seputembara 19, 1935 kuchokera ku chotupa cha m'mimba. Anthu zikwizikwi a Kaluga komanso alendo ochokera m'mizinda ina adabwera kudzatsanzikana ndi wasayansi wamkulu. Bokosilo linakhazikitsidwa mu holo ya Nyumba ya Apainiya. Manyuzipepala apakati adapereka masamba athunthu ku Tsiolkovsky, kumutcha kuti wasintha sayansi.
