Wasayansi wamkulu komanso wopanga Nikola Tesla (1856 - 1943) adasiya mbiri yabwino. Kuphatikiza apo, epithet iyi siyokhudza zokhazokha zomwe zidapangidwa kale, zida ndi matekinoloje, komanso cholowa cha masamba zikwizikwi zamakalata, zomwe zidasowa, ndipo mwina, monga zimaganiziridwa, zidasankhidwa atamwalira wopanga.
Kafukufuku wa Tesla akuwonekera bwino pamabuku omwe adatsala, zikalata ndi zolemba zamakalata a Tesla. Sanasamale kwenikweni za kujambula kwenikweni kwa zoyeserera. Wasayansi anali ndi chidwi kwambiri ndi malingaliro ake. Ankadalira kwambiri nzeru zakuya komanso kudziwa zakutsogolo. Mwachiwonekere, ndichifukwa chake wasayansi wamkulu nthawi zambiri amadabwitsa iwo omwe amakhala momuzungulira ndi zilombo zakutchire: kukhazikika m'mahotelo momwe nambala ya chipinda imagawanika ndi 3, kudana ndolo ndi mapichesi ndikubwereza mobwerezabwereza za unamwali wake, zomwe zimathandiza kwambiri pantchito zasayansi (inde, izi sizomwe zidapangidwa ndi Anatoly Wasserman) ... Kuphatikiza kwa kalembedwe ndi machitidwewa zidapangitsa Tesla kukhala ndi mbiri yobisa kena kake. Ndipo momwe amagwirira ntchito yekha kapena ndi omuthandizira ochepa zidadabwitsa. N'zosadabwitsa kuti pambuyo pa imfa yake, wasayansi anayamba kunena zinthu zosaneneka monga tsoka Tunguska.
Chiwembu chonsechi, makamaka, chitha kufotokozedwa. Kuba ndi chikhumbo chodziteteza kuti musabedweko. Kupatula apo, chinthu chachikulu si amene adapanga kanthu, koma ndi amene adalembetsa setifiketi ya izi. Brevity of Notes - Tesla adachita bwino kwambiri pakuwerengera masitepe angapo pamutu pake ndipo sanafunikire kuzilemba. Kufunitsitsa kugwira ntchito palokha komanso kutali ndi anthu - koma labotale yake yokhala ndi zida zodula kwambiri pakatikati pa New York, pa Fifth Avenue, yatentha. Ndipo ma quirks sali pakati pa akatswiri okha, komanso pakati pa anthu osavuta.
Ndipo Tesla sanali kwenikweni wothandiza, koma waluntha. Pafupifupi zomangamanga zamakono zimachokera kuzinthu zake zomwe adazipeza. Timagwiritsa ntchito ntchito za Tesla tikayatsa getsi, kuyatsa galimoto, kugwira ntchito pakompyuta kapena kulankhula pafoni - zida izi zimadalira zomwe Tesla adapanga. Poganizira kuti zaka 10 zapitazo, wasayansi ankagwira ntchito kwambiri, koma sanatulutse chilolezo kapena kutulutsa chilichonse pakupanga, titha kumvetsetsa malingaliro ake pakupanga kwake chida champhamvu kwambiri kapena ukadaulo woyenda nthawi.
1. Nikola Tesla adabadwa pa Julayi 10, 1856 m'banja la wansembe waku Serbia m'mudzi wakutali waku Croatia. Ali kale kusukulu, adadabwitsa aliyense ndi luso komanso kuthekera kwake kuti aziwerengera mwachangu.
2. Kuti mwana wawo apitilize maphunziro ake, banja lawo lidasamukira m'tauni ya Gospić. Panali sukulu yokonzekera bwino, pomwe wopanga zamtsogolo adalandira chidziwitso chake choyamba chamagetsi - sukuluyo inali ndi banki ya Leiden komanso makina amagetsi. Ndipo mnyamatayo adawonetseranso kuthekera kophunzira zilankhulo - atamaliza sukulu, Tesla adadziwa Chijeremani, Chitaliyana ndi Chingerezi.
3. Tsiku lina oyang'anira mzindawo adapatsa ozimitsa moto pampu yatsopano. Kutumizidwa kwamiyambo yamapampu kunatsala pang'ono kuwonongeka chifukwa chakusavomerezeka kwamtundu wina. Nicola adazindikira chomwe chinali vuto ndikukonza pampu, nthawi yomweyo kutsanulira ndege yamadzi yopitilira theka la omwe analipo.
4. Atamaliza sukulu, Tesla adafuna kukhala katswiri wamagetsi, ndipo abambo ake amafuna kuti mwana wawo azitsatira. Poyang'ana zomwe adakumana nazo, Tesla adadwala, monga zimawonekera kwa iye, ndi kolera. Sizingatheke kudziwa ngati inali kolera, koma matendawa anali ndi zotsatirapo ziwiri zoyipa: abambo ake adalola Nikola kuti aphunzire ngati mainjiniya, ndipo Tesla mwiniyo adapeza chilakolako chowawa cha ukhondo. Mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wake, ankasamba m'manja theka la ola lililonse ndikuwunika mosamala momwe zinthu zilili m'mahotelo ndi m'malesitilanti.
5. Nikola anapitiliza maphunziro ake ku Higher Technical School ku Graz (tsopano Austria). Amakonda maphunziro ake, kuphatikiza apo Tesla adapeza kuti amafunikira maola awiri kapena anayi okha kuti agone. Munali ku Graz pomwe adabwera koyamba ndi lingaliro logwiritsa ntchito magetsi amagetsi posinthira. Wolemba mbiri Jacob Peschl amalemekeza Tesla, koma adamuwuza kuti lingaliro ili silidzakwaniritsidwa.
6. Ndondomeko yamagalimoto yamagetsi yama AC idabwera m'maganizo a Tesla ku Budapest (komwe adagwira ntchito pakampani yamafoni atamaliza maphunziro). Ankayenda ndi mnzake dzuwa litalowa, kenako adafuula kuti: "Ndikupangitsa kuti uzungulire kwina!" ndipo adayamba kujambula mwachangu mumchenga. Mnzakeyo amaganiza kuti tikulankhula za Dzuwa, ndikudandaula zaumoyo wa Nikola - anali atadwala kumene - koma zidapezeka kuti zinali za injini yokha.
7. Pogwira ntchito ku kampani ya Edison's Continental Company, Tesla adasintha zina ndi zina zamagetsi zamagetsi ku DC ndipo adabweretsa zomangamanga ku station ya njanji ku Strasbourg, France, kunja kwavutoli. Pachifukwa ichi, adalonjezedwa mphotho ya $ 25,000, yomwe inali ndalama yayikulu. Oyang'anira aku America aku kampaniyo adawona kuti sichabwino kulipira ndalama zotere kwa mainjiniya ena. Tesla adasiya ntchito osalandira ngakhale zana.
8. Ndi ndalama zotsiriza Tesla adapita ku USA. Mmodzi mwa ogwira ntchito ku Continental Company adamupatsa kalata yodziwitsa a Thomas Edison, omwe panthawiyo anali owunikira zamagetsi. Edison adalemba ganyu Tesla, koma anali wosangalala ndi malingaliro ake pazosintha zamitundu ingapo. Kenako Tesla adalimbikitsa kukonza ma DC omwe alipo kale. Edison adalumpha pamalondawo ndipo adalonjeza kuti alipira $ 50,000 ngati zikhala bwino. Wokhudzidwa ndi mulingo wolonjeza - ngati oyang'anira aku Europe "adaponya" Tesla kwa 25,000, ndiye kuti abwana awo abera kawiri konse, ngakhale Tesla adasintha kapangidwe ka injini 24. "Nthabwala zaku America!" - adamufotokozera Edison.
Thomas Edison anali wokhoza kupanga nthabwala zokwana madola 50,000
9. Kachitatu, Tesla adanyengedwa ndi kampani yolumikizana, yomwe idapangidwa kuti ipange nyali zatsopano za arc zopangidwa ndi iye. M'malo molipira, wopangayo adalandila magawo opanda pake komanso kuzunzidwa munyuzipepala, zomwe zimamuimba mlandu wadyera komanso kuponderezana.
10. Tesla adapulumuka pang'ono m'nyengo yozizira ya 1886/1887. Analibe ntchito - vuto lina linali ku United States. Adagwira ntchito iliyonse ndipo amawopa kudwala - izi zidatanthauza kuti adzafa. Mwangozi, mainjiniya a Alfred Brown adamva zamtsogolo mwake. Dzina la Tesla linali lodziwika kale, ndipo Brown adadabwa kuti sanapeze ntchito. Brown adalumikizana ndi loya Charles Peck. Sanakhutitsidwe ndi machitidwe a Tesla kapena mawu ake, koma ndi zokumana nazo zosavuta. Tesla anapempha wosula zitsulo kuti apange dzira lachitsulo ndikuliphimba ndi mkuwa. Tesla adapanga waya kuzungulira dzira. Mphamvu ina ikamadutsa mu gridi, dzira limapoterera ndipo pang'onopang'ono limayimirira.
11. Kampani yoyamba ya wopangayo amatchedwa "Tesla Electric". Malinga ndi mgwirizano, wopangayo amayenera kupanga malingaliro, a Brown amayang'anira zinthu zakuthupi ndi ukadaulo, ndipo Peck amayang'anira ndalama.
12. Tesla adalandira ziphaso zake zoyambirira zama mota a multiphase AC pa Meyi 1, 1888. Pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo, zovomerezeka zimayamba kupanga ndalama. George Westinghouse akufuna chiwembu chovuta kwambiri: adalipira payokha kuti adziwane ndi ma patent, kenako kuti agule, ndalama kwa aliyense wamahatchi a injini yopanga ndikusamutsa magawo 200 a kampani yake ku Tesla ndi gawo lokhazikika. Mgwirizanowu udapangitsa Tesla ndi mnzake pafupifupi $ 250,000, osati miliyoni miliyoni ndalama nthawi yomweyo, monga momwe mungawerenge nthawi zina.
Imodzi mwa injini zoyambirira za Tesla
13. M'dzinja la 1890 mavuto enanso adachitika, nthawi ino ndiwachuma. Adagwedeza kampani ya Westinghouse, yomwe inali pafupi kugwa. Tesla anathandiza. Anasiya ndalama zake, zomwe panthawiyo zinali zitapeza ndalama pafupifupi $ 12 miliyoni, potero anapulumutsa kampaniyo.
14. Tesla adakamba nkhani yake yotchuka, momwe adawonetsera nyali zopanda ulusi ndi waya wopita kwa iwo, pa Meyi 20, 1891. Anali wotsimikiza kwambiri m'maulosi ake oti adzapeza mphamvu kuchokera kulikonse komwe adapangitsa aliyense amene analipo kuti akhulupirire izi, kupatula gulu laling'ono la adani. Kuphatikiza apo, zomwe wasayansi amawoneka zikuwoneka ngati nambala yayitali yamakonsati kuposa nkhani.
15. Tesla anapanganso nyali za fulorosenti. Komabe, adawona kuti kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo misa ndi nkhani yakutsogolo, ndipo sanapatse patent. Poganizira kuti nyali za fulorosenti zidayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kale kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1930, wopangayo adalakwitsa.
16. Mu 1892, asayansi aku Serbia sanasankhe Tesla ngati membala wofanana wa Academy of Science. Adachita kokha poyesa kwachiwiri zaka ziwiri pambuyo pake. Ndipo Tesla adakhala wophunzirira mu 1937. Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi iliyonse akabwera kudziko lakwawo, amalandiridwa ndi khamu la anthu wamba wamba.
17. Pa Marichi 13, 1895, moto udayambika munyumba yomwe mudali ofesi ndi malo ogwirira ntchito a Tesla. Pansi pamatabwa pamatha msanga. Ngakhale ozimitsa moto adafika mwachangu, chipinda chachinayi ndi chachitatu chidakwanitsa kugwera chachiwiri, ndikuwononga zida zonse. Zowonongekazo zidaposa $ 250,000. Zolemba zonse zidatayika. Tesla adalimbikitsidwa. Anatinso amasunga chilichonse pamtima, koma pambuyo pake adavomereza kuti ngakhale miliyoni sangamubwezere.
18. Tesla adapanga ndikuthandizira kusonkhanitsa ma jenereta a Niagara Hydroelectric Power Station, yotsegulidwa ku 1895. Panthawiyo, ntchitoyi inali yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi yamagetsi yamagetsi.
19. Wopangayo sanamuwonepo polumikizana ndi mkazi, ngakhale ndi mawonekedwe ake, luntha, udindo wake wachuma komanso kutchuka, anali chandamale chofunidwa pakusaka ma socialites ambiri. Iye sanali misogynist, amalankhula mwakhama ndi akazi, ndipo polemba anthu alembi, adalengeza mosapita m'mbali kuti mawonekedwe ndi ofunika kwa iye - Tesla sanakonde akazi onenepa kwambiri. Sanalinso wopotoka, ndiye kuti izi zidadziwika, koma adakhalabe otayika. Mwina ankakhulupiriradi kuti kudziletsa kumawongolera ubongo.
20. Mwakhama kugwira ntchito pakusintha makina a X-ray, wasayansiyo adatenga zithunzi za thupi lake ndipo nthawi zina amakhala pansi pama radiation kwa maola ambiri. Tsiku lina adapsa pamanja, nthawi yomweyo adachepetsa kuchuluka kwa nthawi ndi nthawi yamisonkhano. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti kuchuluka kwa ma radiation sikunayambitse thanzi lake.
21. Pa Exhibition yamagetsi mu 1898, Tesla adawonetsa sitima yapamadzi yaying'ono kwambiri yoyang'anira wailesi (adayambitsa kulumikizidwa pawailesi mosadalira Alexander Popov ndi Marconi). Bwatolo lidachita malamulo angapo, pomwe Tesla sanagwiritse ntchito Morse code, koma mitundu ina yamizindikiro yomwe sinadziwike.
22. Tesla adazenga mlandu Marconi mosapambana, kutsimikizira kuti ndiye wofunika kwambiri pakupanga wailesi - adalandila ziphaso zoyankhulirana ndi wailesi pamaso pa Marconi. Komabe, azimayi achi Italiya omwe anali osowa anali ndi mwayi wabwino wachuma, ndipo adakwanitsa kukopa makampani angapo aku America kuti akhale nawo. Chifukwa cha kuukira kwamphamvu komanso kwanthawi yayitali, US Patent Office idathetsa ma patenti a Tesla. Ndipo kokha mu 1943, pambuyo pa imfa ya amene anayambitsa, chilungamo chinabwezeretsedwa.
Guillermo Maokoni
23. Kumayambiriro kwa 1899 ndi 1900, Tesla adapanga labotale ku Colorado, komwe adayesetsa kupeza njira yoperekera mphamvu popanda zingwe kudzera pa Dziko Lapansi. Kukhazikitsa komwe adapanga pogwiritsa ntchito bingu kunafinya ma volts 20 miliyoni. Kwa mtunda woyenda mozungulira mahatchiwo adadabwitsidwa ndi nsapato za akavalo, ndipo a Tesla ndi omuthandizira ake, ngakhale zidutswa zing'onozing'ono za labala zomangiriridwa pansi pake, adamva kukhudzidwa kwaminda yamphamvuyo. Tesla adanena kuti adapeza "mafunde oyimirira" apadera pa Dziko Lapansi, koma pambuyo pake izi sizinatsimikizidwe.
24. Tesla wanena mobwerezabwereza kuti adalandira zikwangwani kuchokera ku Mars ku Colorado, koma sanakwanitse kulemba phwando lotere.
25. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka makumi awiri, Tesla adayamba kukhazikitsa ntchito yayikulu. Anakhala ndi pakati kuti apange zingwe zamagetsi zapansi panthaka zopanda zingwe, zomwe zimangogwiritsa ntchito magetsi okha, komanso kulumikizana ndiwayilesi ndi matelefoni, zithunzi ndi zolemba. Tikachotsa kutumizirana mphamvu, titha kupeza intaneti yopanda zingwe. Koma Tesla analibe ndalama zokwanira. Chokhacho chomwe akanatha kuchita chinali kudodometsa omvera pafupi ndi labotale yake ya Wardencliffe ndikuwonetsedwa ndi bingu lamphamvu lopangidwa ndi anthu.
26. Posachedwa, awonekera ngakhale ambiri osaganizira, koma kufufuzidwa mozama, olemba omwe amati tsoka la Tunguska ndi ntchito ya Tesla. Monga, adachita kafukufuku wotere, ndipo anali ndi mwayi. Mwinamwake iye anachita, koma kwenikweni mu nthawi yapitayi - mu 1908, pamene china chake chinaphulika mu beseni la Tunguska, okongoza ngongole anali atachotsa kale zonse zamtengo wapatali kuchokera kwa Wardencliff, ndipo owonera anali akukwera nsanjayo kutalika kwa mita 60.
27. Pambuyo pa Wardencliff Tesla adayamba kuwoneka ngati wopanga lokoles Polesov. Anayamba kupanga ma turbines - sizinagwire ntchito, ndipo kampani yomwe adapatsa ma turbine ake adapanga njira zawo ndikukhala mtsogoleri wamsika wapadziko lonse. Tesla anali nawo pakupanga zida zopezera ozoni. Mutuwu unali wotchuka kwambiri m'zaka zimenezo, koma njira ya Tesla sinapambane msika. Zikuwoneka kuti wopangayo adapangitsanso radar yapamadzi, koma, kupatula zolemba zamanyuzipepala, palibe chitsimikiziro cha izi. Tesla adalandira chilolezo pakupanga galimoto yowuluka yozungulira - komanso lingaliro lidakwaniritsidwa pambuyo pake ndi anthu ena. Zikuwoneka kuti adasonkhanitsa galimoto yamagetsi, koma palibe amene adawona galimotoyo kapena mapulani ake.
28. Mu 1915, nyuzipepala zaku America zidalemba kuti Tesla ndi Edison alandila Mphotho ya Nobel. Kenako zinthu zidapitilira - Tesla akuwoneka kuti akulandila mphothoyo pakampani yotere. M'malo mwake - koma zidawululidwa patatha zaka zambiri - Tesla sanasankhidwe kuti adzalandire mphothoyo, ndipo Edison adalandira voti imodzi yokha kuchokera kwa a komiti ya Nobel. Koma Tesla adapatsidwa Mendulo ya Edison zaka ziwiri pambuyo pake, yokhazikitsidwa ndi Institute of Electrical and Electronics Injiniya.
29. M'zaka za m'ma 1920, Tesla adalemba kwambiri manyuzipepala ndi magazini. Komabe, atamupempha kuti alankhule pawailesi imodzi, adakanidwa mwamphamvu - amafuna kudikirira mpaka netiweki yake yotumiza mphamvu ifalikire padziko lonse lapansi.
30. Mu 1937, Tesla wazaka 81 adagundidwa ndi galimoto. Patadutsa miyezi ingapo adawoneka kuti wachira, koma zaka zidamupweteka. Pa Januware 8, 1943, wantchito wa New Yorker Hotel, pachiwopsezo chake komanso pachiwopsezo (Tesla adaletsa kulowa mwa iye popanda chilolezo), adalowa mchipindacho ndikupeza wopanga wamkuluyo wamwalira. Moyo wa Nikola Tesla, wodzaza ndi zotsika, udatha ndi 87.
