Salvador Dali (1904 - 1989) anali m'modzi mwa ojambula owala kwambiri mzaka zam'ma 2000. Dali adadabwitsa omvera ndipo nthawi yomweyo adatsata momwe akumvera. Wojambulayo adanyoza Mulungu ku Europe ndikufalitsa zabodza zakuti kulibe Mulungu ku United States. Ndipo, koposa zonse, kudzipereka kulikonse kunabweretsa ndalama kwa Dali. Ngati zolengedwa za ojambula ambiri zidakhala zofunikira pokhapokha atamwalira, Salvador Dali anali wopambana kwambiri pozindikira zomwe adalenga m'moyo wake. Adasintha kusaka koona kwaulere kukhala njira zabwino kwambiri zopezera ndalama.
Pazisankho pansipa, palibe nthawi yolemba za zojambula za Salvador Dali, kutanthauzira kwa tanthauzo lake kapena kusanthula kwaukadaulo - masamba mamiliyoni ambiri adalembedwa kale za izi. Izi ndizochitika chabe kuchokera m'moyo wa waluso wamkulu.
1. Salvador Dali adalankhula pakamwa ndikulemba m'buku lake lodziwika bwino kuti makolo ake amamuwona ngati thupi lakubadwanso m'bale wamkulu yemwe adamwalira ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri, anali ndi meningitis. Ziri zovuta kunena ngati wojambula yekha adadziwa izi, koma kwenikweni, Salvador Dali, woyamba (mchimwene wake wamkulu amatchedwa dzina lomweli), adakhala miyezi 22 yokha ndipo adamwalira, mwina chifuwa chachikulu. Salvador Dali wachiwiri anali ndi pakati patangopita masiku ochepa mchimwene wake atamwalira.
2. Luso la utoto wamtsogolo lomwe adaphunzira silinaphule kanthu m'masukulu oyang'anira tauni ndi amonke. Kupambana kwake koyamba pamaphunziro, komanso abwenzi ake oyamba, adawonekera masukulu ojambulira madzulo, pomwe Dali ndi anzawo adasindikiza magazini.
3. Monga zimayenera kukhalira zaka zonsezo kwa wachinyamata aliyense, Dali amatsatira kumanzere, pafupifupi malingaliro achikominisi. Atamupatsa gawo loti akambe pamsonkhano wokondwerera kugonja kwa Germany munkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse, mosayembekezeka adamaliza mawu ake owawa ndi mawu akuti: "Dalitsani Germany! Akhale ndi moyo wautali Russia! " M'masiku amenewo, njira zamphamvu zosinthira zinali kuchitika m'maiko onsewa.
4. Mu 1921, Dali adalowa Royal Academy of Fine Arts ku Madrid. Komiti yovomerezeka idayitanitsa kujambula kwake, komwe kunayesedwa ngati kolowera, "kopanda tanthauzo" kotero kuti bungweli lidanyalanyaza kuphwanya malamulo opangira zojambula ndipo adalembetsa wojambulayo ngati wophunzira.
5. Akuwerenga ku Academy, Dali adayamba kuyesa kudabwitsa omvera ndi mawonekedwe ake owoneka bwino, kenako kuyesera kusintha mawonekedwe ake, kumeta tsitsi lake ndikumavala ngati dandy. Zinamutengera maso ake: kuti awongolere mikwingwirima yopindika, amagwiritsa ntchito varnish kuphimba, zojambula zamafuta. Itha kutsukidwa ndi turpentine yokha, yomwe ndi yowopsa m'maso.
6. Mu 1923, wojambulayo adathamangitsidwa ku Academy kwa chaka chimodzi chifukwa chotenga nawo mbali pazionetsero zotsutsa kusankhidwa kwa mphunzitsi wotsutsa ophunzira. Komanso, atabwerera kwawo, Dali anamangidwa. Komabe, ngakhale panali mantha onse, kumangidwa kunachitika kokha kuti atsimikizidwe.
7. Popeza analibe nthawi yoyambiranso maphunziro ake ku Academy, pamapeto pake Dali adathamangitsidwa chifukwa cholephera maphunziro. Adasowa mayeso awiri, ndipo adauza oyesa a Fine Arts Theory kuti amakayikira kuti aphunzitsiwo atha kudziwa kuchuluka kwake kwa chidziwitso.
8. Federico García Lorca ndi Salvador Dali anali abwenzi, ndipo kwa wolemba ndakatulo wotchuka chikhalidwe chaubwenziwu chimatchulidwabe kuti "m'masiku amenewo pakati pa ma bohemiya, ubalewu sunkawoneke ngati choneneza" Mwachidziwikire, Dali adakana zonena za a Lorca kuti: "Mthunzi wa Lorca udasokoneza chiyero choyambirira cha mzimu wanga ndi mnofu wanga," adalemba.
Federico Garcia Lorca
9. Zolemba za kanema "Andalusian Galu", yolembedwa ndi Luis Buñuel ndi Dali, ngakhale m'malembawo amawoneka kuti, chifukwa cha kusasamala kwawo, olembawo sanayese kufunafuna othandizira chipani chachitatu. Buñuel anatenga ndalamazo kwa amayi ake. Anzathu adagwiritsa ntchito theka la ndalamazo, ndipo kwa enawo adapanga kanema wosangalatsa, zomwe zidakhumudwitsa Buñuel.
Luis Buñuel
10. Kumayambiriro kwenikweni kwa kucheza kwa Dali ndi Gala Bunuel, yemwe sanakonde Gala kwambiri, adatsala pang'ono kumupachika pagombe. Dali, m'malo moteteza wokondedwa wake, adapempha Buñuel atagwada kuti alole mtsikanayo.
11. Pambuyo pake, m'buku lake lakale la The Life Life la Salvador Dali, wojambulayo adatcha Buñuel wosakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu. Mu 1942, ku United States, izi zinali ngati kudzudzula - Bunuel nthawi yomweyo adachoka pantchito. Pazomwe amamuimba, Dali adayankha kuti adalemba bukuli osati za Buñuel, koma za iye.
12. Mpaka zaka 25, mpaka pomwe adakumana ndi Gala, Dali sanagonepo ndi akazi. Olemba mbiri ya wojambulayo amakhulupirira kuti manyazi otere adayamba chifukwa chazovuta zam'mutu. Ndipo ngakhale ali mwana, buku lofotokoza zamankhwala lokhala ndi zithunzi zabwino za zilonda zam'mimba zochokera ku matenda opatsirana pogonana zidagwa m'manja mwa El Salvador. Zithunzi izi zidamuwopsa moyo wake wonse.
13. Muse Dali Galá (1894 - 1982) padziko lapansi amatchedwa Elena Ivanovna (pambuyo pa abambo ake a Dimitrievna) Dyakonova. Anali waku Russia, kwawo ku Kazan. Banja lake, pambali pa amayi ake, anali ndi migodi yagolide, abambo ake omupeza (abambo ake adamwalira ali ndi zaka 11) anali loya wopambana. Gala wazaka 20 adalandira chithandizo cha chifuwa chachikulu, chomwe nthawi yomweyo chinali pafupifupi imfa. Komabe, Gala adakhala moyo wokhutiritsa kwambiri munjira zonse ndipo adamwalira ali ndi zaka 87.
Dali ndi Gala
14. Mu 1933, gwero la ndalama zodziyimira palokha zidayamba kuwonekera m'moyo wa Dali (zisanachitike, ndalama zonse zidalipira bambo ake). Gala adalimbikitsa Prince Fosini-Lusenge kuti apange kilabu ya anthu 12 ya wojambulayo. Kalabu, yotchedwa Zodiac, idalonjeza kulipira Dali 2,500 francs pamwezi, ndipo wojambulayo amayenera kupatsa ophunzira ake chithunzi chachikulu kapena penti yaying'ono ndi zojambula ziwiri kamodzi pamwezi.
15. Ukwati wakudziko wa Dali ndi Gala, womwe ubale wawo udayamba kumapeto kwa chilimwe kapena koyambirira kwa nthawi yophukira 1929, udamalizidwa mu 1934, ndipo awiriwo adakwatirana mu 1958. Papa Pius XII sanapereke chilolezo chokwatirana, ndipo a John XXIII, omwe adalowa m'malo mwake, adathandizira kwambiri kusudzulana kwa Gala (kuyambira 1917, adakwatirana ndi wolemba ndakatulo Paul Eluard).
16. Pa umodzi wa ziwonetsero ku London, Dali adaganiza zosewerera pamadzi. Anayenera kulamulidwa kuchokera ku kampani yapadera. Mbuyeyo, yemwe adabweretsa sutiyo, mwamphamvu adalimbitsa mtedza wonse pachipewa ndipo adapita kukayendera chiwonetserocho - adauzidwa kuti seweroli lipitilira theka la ola. M'malo mwake, Dali adayamba kutsamwa m'mphindi zoyambirira. Anayesa kumasula mtedza mothandizidwa ndi njira zosakwanira, kenako ndikugogoda pansi ndi chida. Atawona kuti Dali ali wokhumudwa akuwomba mpweya, omvera adagwa ndi chisangalalo - zimawoneka kuti zonsezi zinali gawo la zochitika zapadera.
17. Atafika ku New York, ogwira ntchito molakwika adapanga zenera la shopu malinga ndi zomwe Dali adalemba. Mwiniwake anakana kusintha chilichonse. Kenako wojambulayo adalowa pawindo kuchokera mkati, adaliphwanya ndikuponya bafa, yomwe inali yokongoletsa, mumsewu. Apolisi anali pomwepo. Nthawi yomweyo Gala adayitanitsa atolankhaniwo, ndipo Dali, yemwe adakana kulipira ngongoleyo, adalandira kulengeza kwabwino. Woweruzayo adamuzindikira kuti ndi wolondola, ndikumulanga Dali kokha ndikuti awonongeke: "Wojambulayo ali ndi ufulu woteteza zolengedwa zake". Chakuti wojambulayo adachita zolondola chifukwa zinali ayi zomwe anali nazo m'maganizo, zikuwoneka, sizinkagwirizana ndi malingaliro a woweruzayo.
18. Dali amalemekeza kwambiri Sigmund Freud ndi ziphunzitso zake. Woyambitsa psychoanalysis, nayenso, anali ndi malingaliro achikhalidwe, kapena osasamala pa kupenta. Chifukwa chake, Dali atafika ku Italiya mu 1938, Freud adavomera kukumana naye pokhapokha patapemphedwa zambiri kuchokera kwa omwe amawadziwa.
19. Dali adati kuphulika kwa bomba la atomiki m'mizinda yaku Japan ndi "chodabwitsa cha zivomerezi". Mwambiri, zowopsa zankhondo sizinakhudze kwenikweni ntchito yake.
20. Olemba mbiri ya Dali, ponena za mgwirizano wake ndi Hollywood, nthawi zambiri amatchula kusowa kwa ndalama ngati zifukwa zolephera. M'malo mwake, onse a Walt Disney ndi Alfred Hitchcock anali okonzeka kugwira ntchito ndi wojambulayo, koma kuti athe kukonza ntchito yake. Dali adakana mwamphamvu, kenako kukangana kwachuma kudayamba kugwira ntchito.
21. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, Amanda Lear adawonekera pagulu lalikulu la achinyamata omwe adazungulira Dali ndi Gala. Gala, yemwe anali wansanje ndi mwamuna wake kwa oimira onse achikazi, adamutenga woyimbayo ndipo adamuwuza kuti alumbire kuti adzakhala ndi Dali atamwalira. Amanda adakondweretsa mayi wachikulireyo ndi lumbiro, ndipo miyezi ingapo pambuyo pake adakwatirana ndi wachifumu waku France.
Salvador Dali ndi Amanda Lear
22. Atatsala pang'ono kumwalira, Gala adagwidwa ndi mantha osaneneka a umphawi. Ngakhale amakhala mosiyana, mkaziyu amalimbikitsa waluso kuti azigwira ntchito kapena kungolembetsa mapepala opanda kanthu. Zomwe amatanthauza ndikuti adalipira ngati ma autographs. Pambuyo pa kumwalira kwa Dali, maloya adagwira mitu yawo: malinga ndi kuyerekezera kosiyanasiyana, wojambulayo adasaina masauzande masauzande, koma omwe atha kuyikidwa chilichonse - kuyambira kujambula kupita ku IOU.
23. M'nyengo yozizira ya 1980, ali ku United States, banjali lidadwala chimfine. Dali anali ndi zaka 76, Gala anali zaka 10 zowonjezera. Matenda amenewa, adakhala owapha iwo. Gala adamwalira patatha chaka chimodzi ndi theka, Dali adakhala zaka zina zisanu ndi zitatu, koma nthawi yayitali sakanatha kuchita chilichonse popanda thandizo lakunja.
24. Gala adamwalira ku Port Lligat, koma amayenera kuyikidwa m'manda ku Pubol, nyumba yachifumu yomangidwanso ndi Dali pamtunda wa makilomita angapo. Malamulo aku Spain amaletsa kunyamula mitembo ya anthu akufa popanda chilolezo cha akuluakulu aboma (lamuloli lidakhazikitsidwa nthawi ya miliri). Dali sanafunse, ndipo sanadikire chilolezo, kunyamula thupi la mkazi wake mu Cadillac yake.
Castle Pubol
25. Mu 1984, kudera lalifupi kunachitika mu batani lomwe Dali atagona adatcha nesi. Chithunzicho chidatha ngakhale kutuluka pabedi loyaka moto. Analandidwa kwambiri ndipo adakhalabe ndi moyo zaka zisanu. Amwalira mchipatala chifukwa cha mtima.
