Timakumana ndi geometry sekondi iliyonse osazindikira ngakhale izi. Makulidwe ndi mtunda, mawonekedwe ndi ma trajectories onse ndi ma geometry. Tanthauzo la nambala π limadziwika ngakhale ndi omwe anali ma geek kusukulu kuchokera ku geometry, ndipo iwo omwe, podziwa nambala iyi, sangathe kuwerengera dera lozungulira. Kudziwa zambiri kuchokera kumayendedwe a geometry kumawoneka ngati koyambirira - aliyense amadziwa kuti njira yayifupi kwambiri kudzera pagawo lamakona ili mozungulira. Koma kuti apange chidziwitso ichi mwa chiphunzitso cha Pythagorean, zidatengera umunthu zaka masauzande ambiri. Masamu, monga sayansi zina, adayamba mofanana. Kuphulika kwakukulu ku Greece wakale kudasinthidwa ndikukhazikika kwa Roma wakale, komwe kudasinthidwa ndi Mibadwo Yamdima. Kuphulika kwatsopano ku Middle Ages kunasinthidwa ndi kuphulika kwenikweni kwa zaka za zana la 19 - 20. Geometry yatembenuka kuchokera ku sayansi yogwiritsidwa ntchito kukhala gawo lazidziwitso zapamwamba, ndipo chitukuko chake chikupitilira. Ndipo zonsezi zidayamba ndikuwerengera misonkho ndi mapiramidi ...
1. Mwachidziwikire, chidziwitso choyamba cha geometrical chidapangidwa ndi Aigupto wakale. Anakhazikika panthaka yachonde yomwe idasefukira ndi Nile. Misonkho idalipira kuchokera kumalo omwe alipo, ndipo chifukwa cha izi muyenera kuwerengera dera lake. Dera lalikulu ndi laling'onoting'ono laphunzira kuwerengera mwamphamvu, kutengera ziwerengero zochepa zofanana. Ndipo bwalolo lidatengedwa ngati lalikulu, mbali zake zili 8/9 m'mimba mwake. Chiwerengero cha π pankhaniyi chinali pafupifupi 3.16 - kulondola kwenikweni.
2. Aigupto omwe amachita nawo zomangamanga amatchedwa harpedonapts (kuchokera ku liwu loti "chingwe"). Iwo sakanakhoza kugwira ntchito paokha - ankafuna akapolo othandizira, chifukwa kuti adziwe mawonekedwe ake kunali koyenera kutambasula zingwe zazitali zosiyanasiyana.
Omanga mapiramidi sanadziwe kutalika kwawo
3. Ababulo anali oyamba kugwiritsa ntchito zida zamasamu pothetsera zovuta zamagetsi. Iwo ankadziwa kale theorem, yomwe pambuyo pake idzatchedwa Pythagorean Theorem. Ababulo adalemba ntchito zonse m'mawu, zomwe zidawapangitsa kukhala ovuta kwambiri (pambuyo pake, ngakhale chizindikiro "+" chidawonekera kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 15). Komabe masamu aku Babulo adagwira ntchito.
4. Thales of Miletsky adasinthiratu zomwe anali kudziwa panthawiyo. Aigupto adamanga mapiramidi, koma samadziwa kutalika kwake, ndipo Thales adatha kuyeza. Ngakhale Euclid asanafike, adatsimikizira zoyambirira za geometric. Koma, mwina, chopereka chachikulu cha Thales ku geometry chinali kulumikizana ndi achinyamata a Pythagoras. Mwamunayo, atakalamba kale, adabwereza nyimboyi pamsonkhano wake ndi Thales komanso kufunika kwake kwa Pythagoras. Ndipo wophunzira wina waku Thales wotchedwa Anaximander adalemba mapu oyamba padziko lapansi.
Thales waku Mileto
5. Pythagoras atatsimikizira kuti ndi chiphunzitso chake, akumanga kansalu kozungulira koyenera kamene kali ndi mabwalo mbali zake, kudabwitsidwa kwake ndikuwopsedwa kwa ophunzira kunali kwakukulu kotero kuti ophunzira adaganiza kuti dziko lapansi ladziwika kale, limangotsala kuti lifotokoze ndi manambala. Pythagoras sanapite patali - adapanga malingaliro ambiri okhulupirira manambala omwe alibe chochita ndi sayansi kapena moyo weniweni.
Pythagoras
6. Atayesetsa kuthetsa vuto lopeza kutalika kwa diagonal wokhala ndi mbali 1, Pythagoras ndi ophunzira ake adazindikira kuti kutalika kotere sikungafotokozeredwe ndi anthu ochepa. Komabe, ulamuliro wa Pythagoras unali wamphamvu kwambiri kotero kuti adaletsa ophunzirawo kuti awulule izi. Hippasus sanamvere mphunzitsiyo ndipo anaphedwa ndi otsatira ena a Pythagoras.
7. Chofunika kwambiri ku geometry chidapangidwa ndi Euclid. Anali woyamba kufotokoza mawu osavuta, omveka bwino komanso osagwirizana. Euclid adafotokozanso zosasunthika za ma geometry (timawatcha ma axioms) ndipo adayamba kuzindikira moyenera zinthu zina zonse zasayansi, kutengera izi. Buku la Euclid "Beginnings" (ngakhale limanena mosamalitsa, si buku, koma zopanga papyri) ndi Baibulo la ma geometry amakono. Ponseponse, Euclid adatsimikizira ma 465 theorems.
8. Pogwiritsa ntchito malingaliro a Euclid, Eratosthenes, yemwe ankagwira ntchito ku Alexandria, anali woyamba kuwerengera kuzungulira kwa Dziko Lapansi. Kutengera kusiyana kwa kutalika kwa mthunzi woponyedwa ndi ndodo masana ku Alexandria ndi Siena (osati Italiya, koma Aigupto, tsopano ndi mzinda wa Aswan), muyeso wa oyenda mtunda wapakati pa mizindayi. Eratosthenes adalandira zotsatira zomwe ndi 4% zokha mosiyana ndi muyeso wapano.
9. Archimedes, yemwe Alexandria sanali mlendo kwa iye, ngakhale adabadwira ku Syracuse, adapanga zida zambiri zamakina, koma adawona kupambana kwake kwakukulu kukhala kuwerengera kwama voliyumu ndi gawo lolembedwera pamiyala. Kuchuluka kwa kondomu ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a silinda, ndipo voliyumu ya mpira ndi magawo awiri mwa atatu.
Imfa ya Archimedes. "Choka, ukundibisalira Dzuwa ..."
10. Chodabwitsa kwambiri, koma kwa zaka masauzande ambiri olamulidwa ndi Roma, ndi kutukuka konse kwa zaluso ndi sayansi ku Roma wakale, palibe chiphunzitso chatsopano chomwe chidatsimikiziridwa. Ndi Boethius yekha yemwe adadziwika m'mbiri, kuyesera kupanga china chake ngati chopepuka, komanso chosokonekera, "Elements" cha ana asukulu.
11. Mibadwo yamdima yomwe idatsatira kugwa kwa Ufumu wa Roma idakhudzanso ma geometry. Lingalirolo limawoneka ngati lazizira kwa zaka mazana ambiri. M'zaka za zana la 13, Adelard waku Bartheskiy adamasulira koyamba "Mfundo" m'Chilatini, ndipo patatha zaka zana Leonardo Fibonacci adabweretsa manambala achiarabu ku Europe.
Leonardo Fibonacci
12. Woyamba kupanga mafotokozedwe amlengalenga mchinenedwe cha manambala adayamba m'zaka za zana la 17 Mfalansa Rene Descartes. Anagwiritsanso ntchito njira yolumikizira (Ptolemy adadziwa m'zaka za zana lachiwiri) osati mamapu okha, koma kwa onse omwe ali mundege ndikupanga ma equation ofotokoza ziwerengero zosavuta. Zomwe Descartes anapeza mu geometry zidamulola kuti apeze zingapo mu fizikiki. Nthawi yomweyo, poopa kuzunzidwa ndi tchalitchi, wamkulu wamasamu mpaka zaka 40 sanasindikize ntchito imodzi. Zinapezeka kuti akuchita zabwino - ntchito yake yokhala ndi mutu wautali, womwe nthawi zambiri umatchedwa "Discourse on Method," udatsutsidwa osati ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo okha, komanso ndi masamu anzawo. Nthawi idatsimikizira kuti Descartes anali kulondola, ngakhale amveke bwanji.
René Descartes anali ndi mantha oyenera kufalitsa ntchito zake
13. Abambo a masamu osakhala a Euclidean anali Karl Gauss. Ali mwana, adaphunzira kuwerenga ndi kulemba, ndipo adakantha abambo ake powongolera kuwerengera kwake. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 19, adalemba zolemba zingapo m'malo opindika, koma sanazifalitse. Tsopano asayansi sanachite mantha ndi moto wa Khoti Lalikulu, koma afilosofi. Panthawiyo, dziko lapansi lidakondwera ndi Kant's Critique of Pure Reason, pomwe wolemba adalimbikitsa asayansi kusiya njira zowongoka ndikudalira nzeru.
Karl Gauss
14. Pakadali pano, a Janos Boyai ndi a Nikolai Lobachevsky adapangitsanso magawo ofanana a chiphunzitso cha malo osakhala a Euclidean. Boyai adatumizanso ntchito yake patebulopo, amangolemba za zomwe adapeza kwa abwenzi. Lobachevsky mu 1830 adafalitsa ntchito yake mu "Kazansky Vestnik". M'zaka za m'ma 1860 okha otsatira adayenera kubwezeretsa nthawi ya ntchito za utatu wonsewo. Ndipamene zidadziwika kuti Gauss, Boyai ndi Lobachevsky adagwira ntchito mofananamo, palibe amene adabera aliyense (ndipo Lobachevsky nthawi ina adanenedwa izi), ndipo woyamba anali Gauss.
Nikolay Lobachevsky
15. Kuchokera pakuwona kwa moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, kuchuluka kwa ma geometri omwe adapangidwa pambuyo pa Gauss kumawoneka ngati masewera asayansi. Komabe, sizili choncho. Ma geometri omwe si a Euclidean amathandizira kuthana ndi mavuto ambiri masamu, fizikiya ndi zakuthambo.
