Kwa zaka mazana angapo tsopano, olemba mbiri akhala akuthyola mikondo pa Kievan Rus, kapena monga amatchulidwanso kuti Ancient Rus. Ena a iwo amakana kukhalapo kwa boma loterolo. Izi zikuipiraipira chifukwa cha zochitika zandale zomwe zachitika ndipo zikuipiraipira mmaiko akale a Kievan Rus mzaka 30 zapitazi, USSR itagwa. Olemba mbiri nthawi zambiri samaphunzira zam'mbuyomu, koma amakwaniritsa malingaliro andale a osankhika m'boma lawo. Chifukwa chake, ndizopanda chiyembekezo kuti zokambirana za Kievan Rus mtsogolomo zikhala ndi lingaliro labwino.
Ndipo Kievan Rus, kaya angaoneke ngati boma kapena ayi, adalipo. Anthu amakhala m'minda kuyambira kumpoto kwa Dvina mpaka Taman Peninsula komanso kuchokera kumtsinje wa Dnieper mpaka kumtunda. Amakhala mosiyanasiyana: adamenya nkhondo ndikugwirizana, adathawa kuponderezana ndipo adasunthidwa ndi dzanja la akalonga olimba. Mpaka kuwukira kwa a Mongol m'zaka za zana la 13, Kiev, ngakhale adadutsa mobwerezabwereza kuchokera m'manja kupita kwina ndikuwononga, adakhalabe chizindikiro cha umodzi, ngakhale umodzi wonyenga. Ndipo anthu wamba, monga nthawi zonse zam'mbuyomu komanso zamtsogolo, amayenera kugwira ntchito zakumunda kapena kumisonkhano, kuti apeze zofunika pamoyo wawo, osayiwala kupereka msonkho. Liti ndi tirigu kapena ndalama, ndipo ndi magazi anu kapena moyo wanu. Tiyeni tiyese kusiya mikangano yakale komanso nkhondo zopanda malire za akalonga pazocheperako ndikuwumitsa magawo, ndipo tithandizireni pazinthu zazing'ono zamoyo wa Asilavo ku Kievan Rus.
1. Zofesedwa mdera la Kievan Rus, makamaka, rye wachisanu (chakudya cha anthu) ndi oats (chakudya cha akavalo). Tirigu wam'masika ndi barele anali mbewu zazing'ono. M'mayiko olemera akumwera, buckwheat, nyemba ndi mbewu zamakampani - hemp ndi fulakesi adalima.
2. Bwalo lililonse linali ndi minda yake yamasamba yokhala ndi nandolo, kabichi, mpiru ndi anyezi. Masamba ogulitsa anali kulimidwa mozungulira mizinda ikuluikulu yokha.
3. Ziweto, kuphatikizapo akavalo, zinali zochepa. Nyamazo zidasungidwa osakwana chaka chimodzi - nyengo yozizira ikayamba, nkhumba, mbuzi ndi nkhosa zopanda ana zidapita pansi pa mpeni. Chakudya chawocho chimathandizidwa ndi nkhuku komanso kusaka.
4. Omwe anali ndi zakumwa zoledzeretsa zomwe zimapezeka pang'ono chabe, mkati mwa magawo ochepa. Amamwa makamaka uchi, tiyi ndi zakudya zina. Mowa unali kupezeka pamwamba pokha pagulu.
5. Zinthu zazikuluzikulu zomwe amalima amatumiza kumayiko ena anali uchi komanso sera yake.
6. Ulimi wamalonda unali pafupifupi makamaka m'maiko achifumu ndi amonke. Alimi odziyimira pawokha amangogwira ntchito kuti azidyetsa okha komanso mabanja awo. Komabe, anthu akunja akufotokozera zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimagulitsidwa m'misika pamtengo wotsika ku Europe.
7. Zopeza kuchokera kumayiko olemekezeka achifumu zinali zazikulu. Nyumba za amonke zinkatha kusunga minda ya zipatso, ndipo akalonga anali ndi mahatchi zikwizikwi.
8. Mawu oti "manda" adayamba kutanthauza manda cha m'ma 18th century. Poyamba, munthawi ya Kievan Rus, inali gawo la oyang'anira, momwe munali nthumwi yamsonkho. Mfumukazi Olga adapanga mabwalo amatchalitchi kuti athetse polyudye - kusonkhetsa msonkho kwanthawi yozizira. Pa polyudye, akalonga ndi squad ankasangalatsidwa kwambiri, nthawi zina amasonkhanitsa zonse zomwe adawona (chifukwa ichi, Kalonga Igor adavutika). Tsopano, misonkho idayambitsidwa, yomwe idasonkhanitsidwa pabwalo la tchalitchi.
9. Malonda anali ofunikira kwambiri pachuma cha Kievan Rus. Panali mizinda yambiri yomwe idadzuka ngati malo osinthana katundu pakati pa amisiri ndi alimi, chifukwa chake, panali china chogulitsa. Kievan Rus anali kuchita malonda akunja mwachangu, panjira yochokera ku Varangi kupita ku Agiriki. Mafuta, nsalu, sera ndi zodzikongoletsera zimatumizidwa kunja, koma akapolo ndiwo amatumiza kunja. Ndipo osati akunja omwe adagwidwa kwinakwake, koma kwawo. Katundu amene anatumizidwa kunja anali zida, zitsulo zopanda mafuta, zonunkhira komanso zinthu zapamwamba, kuphatikiza nsalu zodula.
10. Ku Russia, banjali silinali lovomerezeka mwalamulo - silinali ndi malo. China chake chinali cha mkazi, china kwa mwamunayo, koma sichinali chogwirizana m'banjamo ndipo chitha kugulitsidwa, kupitilizidwa ndikulandila mosiyana. Izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi zochitika ndi zofuna zambiri zomwe zasungidwa. Chimodzi mwazolemba izi chimafotokoza zakugulidwa kwa malo ndi mwamunayo kuchokera kwa mkazi wake, mlongo wake ndi mpongozi wake.
11. Poyamba, akalonga ndi ankhondo amachita malonda. Kuyambira pafupifupi zaka za zana la 11, akalonga adayamba kukhala okhutira ndi ntchito, komanso ankhondo ndi malipilo.
12. Pofika nthawi yolanda a Mongol, panali akatswiri pafupifupi 60 ku Russia. M'mizinda ina munali ngakhale 100. Ponena za chitukuko chaukadaulo, amisiri sanali otsika poyerekeza ndi anzawo aku Europe. Amisiri anasungunula chitsulo ndikupanga zida, zopangidwa ndi matabwa, magalasi ndi zitsulo zopanda feri, zopota ndi kuzipeka.
13. Ngakhale panali katundu wambiri, munalibe njala kapena opemphapempha ku Kievan Rus.
14. Olemba nkhani ambiri, omwe amasangalatsa anthu m'misika, adalongosola m'ntchito zawo zankhondo zamphamvu za ngwazi zam'mbuyomu. Panali ngwazi zotere 50.
15. Mizinda komanso malo achitetezo ankamangidwa ndi matabwa. Panali nyumba zamiyala zitatu zokha, kuphatikiza Vladimir Castle ya Andrei Bogolyubsky.
16. Ku Kievan Rus kunali anthu ambiri ophunzira. Ngakhale atabatizidwa, atsogoleri achipembedzo sanaphunzire kulemba ndi kuwerenga. Ngakhale makalata a birch ochokera ku moyo watsiku ndi tsiku asungidwa.
Birch makungwa kuitana kwa tsiku
17. M'masiku ake otukuka, Kiev anali mzinda wawukulu kwambiri komanso wokongola. Alendo akunja anali kuyerekezera ndi Constantinople, womwe unali likulu lenileni la dziko lapansi.
18. Pambuyo pa kubatizidwa kwa Rus ndi Vladimir, chikoka chachikunja chidakhalabe champhamvu kwambiri. Ngakhale akalonga ndi gulu lawo nthawi zambiri amatcha ana mayina achisilavo. Nthawi zina izi zimabweretsa chisokonezo: olemba mbiriwo amamuyitana munthu yemweyo mayina osiyanasiyana: amalandira pakubatizidwa ndikupatsidwa pakubadwa.
19. Kuphatikiza pa mafuko ambiri achi Slavic, anthu ena amakhala ku Russia. Kotero, mu Kiev munali gulu lalikulu lachiyuda. Mofananamo, Asilavo ambiri amakhala m'mizinda yomwe ili m'malire ndi Kievan Rus, makamaka ku Don.
20. Ngakhale panali dongosolo lamalamulo lotukuka bwino (mu "Russkaya Pravda", mwachitsanzo, pali nkhani zopitilira 120), Kievan Rus adawonongedwa ndendende pakusatsimikizika kwalamulo mu cholowa cha mutu wa kalonga. Cholowa molingana ndi mfundo zakubadwa m'banja, pomwe amalume, mwachitsanzo, adalandira tebulo podutsa mwana wamwamuna wa kalonga, sizikanatheka koma zimayambitsa mikangano ndi mikangano yapachiweniweni.
21. Kampeni ya Prince Oleg kupita ku Constantinople mu 907 m'mbiri zikuwoneka ngati kanema waku Hollywood: 2000 mabwato ankhondo 40, akuthamangira pazipata za mzindawo pamawilo. Kuphatikiza apo, hryvnia 12 (iyi ndi pafupifupi 2 kg) msonkho kwa ooklock iliyonse. Koma mgwirizano wa 911 ndiwowonadi: ubale ndi ulemu, kusagwirizana kwa amalonda, ndi zina zotero. Palibe ngakhale liwu lokhudza malonda opanda ntchito. Koma pali gawo lothandizira othandizira oyendetsa sitima zakunja pamavuto. Ku Europe mzaka zimenezo, malamulo am'mphepete mwanyanja adakula kwambiri: zonse zomwe zidamira m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi za mwiniwake wa malo am'mbali mwa nyanja.
22. Paulendo umodzi wamalonda wopita ku Constantinople, mpaka matani 5,000 a katundu adanyamulidwa kuchokera ku Kiev. Sanatengeredwe pang'ono, chifukwa katundu wa Byzantine anali wopepuka. Kudzera pa Saint-Gotthard Pass - msewu wokhawo wolumikiza Kumpoto kwa Europe ndi Kumwera kwa Europe - patatha zaka 500, matani pafupifupi 1,200 a katundu anali kunyamulidwa pachaka. Panalinso njira ina yonyamula katundu kuchokera ku Russia kupita ku Constantinople ndikubwerera. Akapolo ankakhala pamahatchi apamtunda, omwe Rus anali kuchita nawo kwambiri malonda. Ku Byzantium, sizinangobweretsa katundu zomwe zidagulitsidwa, komanso akapolo ngakhalenso zombo - "kwa Agiriki omwe adakwera". Ulendo wobwerera udapangidwa ndi nthaka.
23. Prince Igor adaphedwa ndi a Drevlyans chifukwa chodzipereka pakusonkhetsa msonkho. Choyamba, adalola asitikali aku Varangian kuti alande fuko lino, kenako nkubwera ndi cholinga chomwecho iyemwini. A Drevlyans adazindikira kuti palibenso njira ina yochotsera chisokonezo cha kalonga wamkulu.
24. Panthawi ya ulamuliro wa Olga, Russia ikadatha kulandira ubatizo kuchokera kwa Papa. Kugawikana pakati pa mipingo kunali kutangoyamba kumene, chifukwa chake mwana wamkazi wamfumuyo, wobatizidwa ku Constantinople, atasemphana maganizo ndi atsogoleri akomweko, adatumiza amithenga kwa mfumu Otto I. Adatumiza bishopu ku Russia, yemwe adamwalira kwinakwake panjira. Pezani bishopu ku Kiev, nkhaniyi ikadatha mosiyana.
25. Nthano yonena za "kuponyera zipembedzo", zomwe akuti, zidachitika ndi Prince Vladimir ubatizo wa Russia usanachitike adapangidwa kuti awonetse kusamala komanso kulingalira kwa kalonga-abatizi. Akuti kalonga adayitanitsa alaliki a Chikatolika, Chiyuda, Chisilamu ndi Orthodox. Atamvera zolankhula zawo, Vladimir adaganiza kuti Orthodox ndiyabwino kwambiri Russia.
26. Lingaliro loti amafunikira mgwirizano wandale ndi Byzantium zikuwoneka zomveka bwino. Vladimir mwiniwake anali atabatizidwa kale, ndipo mfumu ya Byzantine inkafunika thandizo lankhondo kuchokera ku Russia. Kuphatikiza apo, Vladimir adakwanitsa kunena kuti autocephaly wa tchalitchi ali wamkulu. Tsiku lovomerezeka la Chikhristu ndi Russia ndi 988. Zowona, ngakhale mu 1168, Prince Svyatoslav Olgovich adathamangitsa Bishop Anthony ku Chernigov chifukwa adazunza kalonga pomupempha kuti asadye nyama masiku achangu. Ndipo bigamy adalipo mpaka zaka za 13th.
27. Munali pansi pa Vladimir Wamkulu pomwe mchitidwe wopanga mizere yayikulu, mipanda yolimba ndi malo achitetezo kuti ateteze malire aboma kwa osamukasamuka adayamba. Chomaliza chotere chimatha kuonedwa ngati chotchedwa Stalin Line, chomangidwa isanachitike Great Patriotic War.
28. Chiyambi choyamba cha Chiyuda m'mbiri ya Russia chidachitika mu 1113. Anawazunza Polovtsian anawononga ndipo anaganiza pogona ambiri. Anakhamukira ku Kiev ndipo anachita kubwereka ndalama kwa anthu olemera a ku Kievite, ambiri mwa iwo mwangozi anali achiyuda. Pambuyo pa imfa ya Prince Svyatopolk, anthu okhala ku Kiev adayitanitsa ukulu wa Vladimir Monomakh. Poyamba adakana, ndipo pambuyo pake anthu adawonetsa kusakhutira ndi kuba ndi ziwembu. Kuchokera nthawi yachiwiri Monomakh adalandira ulamuliro.
29. Magwero akunja akuti m'zaka za zana la 11 Kiev anali wopikisana ndi Constantinople. Kudzera m'mabanja, Yaroslav Wanzeru adayamba ubale ndi olamulira aku England, Poland, Germany, Scandinavia, France ndi Hungary. Anna mwana wamkazi wa Yaroslav anali mkazi wa mfumu yaku France a Henry I, ndipo mwana wawo wamkazi, nawonso, adakwatirana ndi Emperor Woyera wa Roma a Henry IV.
30. Panthawi yopambana ya Kievan Rus (m'zaka za zana la XIII), panali mizinda 150 m'chigawochi. Zaka mazana awiri m'mbuyomo panali 20 okha. Dzinalo "Gardarika" - "Dziko la mizinda" - lopatsidwa Russia ndi akunja, silinawonekere chifukwa adadabwa ndi kuchuluka kwa mizindayo, koma chifukwa chakuchulukana kwawo - mudzi wawukulu kapena wocheperako udali ndi mpanda wokhala ndi khoma ...
31. Fanizo lodziwika bwino lokonda ndalama ku Russia: Ipatiev Chronicle pafupifupi zaka 80 ikonza "ziwonetsero" 38 pakati pa akalonga. Nthawi yomweyo, akalonga 40 adabadwa kapena kufa, panali kadamsana kasanu ndi kawiri ka Dzuwa kapena Mwezi ndi zivomezi zisanu. Akalonga adalimbana ndi kuwukira kapena adachita kampeni yolimbana ndi alendo okha 32 kokha - kangapo kuposa momwe amenyera wina ndi mnzake. "Makangano" ena adapitilira kwazaka zambiri.
32. Ndalama za Kievan Rus 'kwa osadziwika zitha kudabwitsa kwambiri ndi kusiyanasiyana kwake. Ndalama zilizonse zopangidwa ndi golide ndi siliva, zomwe zimachokera kumayiko akutali, zimapezeka. Akalonga adapanga ndalama zawo. Zonsezi zinali zamitundu yosiyana ndi ulemu, zomwe zimapereka ntchito kwa osintha ndalama. Gawo lazandalama lidawoneka ngati hryvnia, koma, choyambirira, hryvnia inali yolemera mosiyanasiyana, ndipo chachiwiri, inali yamitundu yosiyanasiyana: golide, siliva ndi hryvnia kun (mwachidule "ubweya wa marten"). Mtengo wawo, inde, nawonso sunagwirizane - kun hryvnia inali yotsika mtengo kanayi kuposa hryvnia yasiliva.
33. Pazitsulo zomwe zili m'chigawo cha Kievan Rus, ndizitsulo zokha zomwe zidalipo. Mtsogoleri adabwera kuchokera ku Bohemia (masiku ano ndi Czech Republic). Mkuwa unachokera ku Caucasus ndi Asia Minor. Siliva anabweretsa kuchokera Urals, Caucasus ndi Byzantium. Golide adabwera ngati ndalama zachitsulo kapena zofunkha pankhondo. Ankapanga ndalama zawo kuchokera kuzitsulo zamtengo wapatali.
34. Novgorod ndiye poyambira pa ntchito zomanga akatswiri ku Russia. Kuphatikiza apo, m'maiko ena, komwe amakonda kupanga zaluso, ukadaulo woterewu udawaseketsa. Asanachitike nkhondo, kazembe wa Kiev, akufuna kuputa a Novgorodians, adalonjeza kuti awasandutsa akapolo ndikuwatumiza ku Kiev kuti akamange nyumba za asitikali aku Kiev.
35. Ankagwiritsa ntchito nsalu, nsalu, hemp ndi nsalu popanga zovala. Nsalu zowonda, kuphatikiza silika, zimatumizidwa makamaka kuchokera ku Byzantium.
36. Kusaka kunachita gawo lofunikira pamoyo wachuma wa anthu a Kievan Rus. Amapereka nyama yoti azidya, zikopa za zovala ndi misonkho. Kwa akalonga, kusaka kunali zosangalatsa. Amakhala ndi ziweto, kusaka mbalame, ndipo ena anali ndi akambuku ophunzitsidwa mwapadera.
37. Mosiyana ndi ambuye achiyuda, akalonga aku Russia analibe nyumba zachifumu kapena nyumba zachifumu. Nyumba ya kalonga ikhoza kulimbikitsidwa ngati nthawi yomweyo amakhala ngati gulu lankhondo lamkati. Kwenikweni, nyumba za akalonga sizinali zosiyana ndi nyumba za anyamata ndi anthu olemera - anali nyumba zamatabwa, mwina zokulirapo.
38. Ukapolo unali wofala kwambiri. Zinali zotheka kulowa akapolo ngakhale atakwatiwa ndi kapolo. Ndipo malinga ndi umboni wakunja, chilankhulo chachikulu pamisika yakum'mawa kwa akapolo chinali Chirasha.
