Chimodzi mwazinthu zodabwitsa kwambiri zachilengedwe, chophatikizidwa pamndandanda wa UNESCO World Heritage Sites, uli ku South Africa pamtsinje wa Zambezi. Dzina la chodabwitsachi, chosangalatsa ndi chisangalalo, ndi mathithi a Victoria.
Kumverera kosiririka kumachitika osati kokha chifukwa cha kusefukira kwa madzi kutsika kuchokera kutalika kwa mita 120, kenako kumagawika m'mitsinje yambiri, kapena kusandulika kukhala fumbi limodzi, lofanana ndi khoma lokhalokha, komanso kuyenda kwa madzi otentha pamtsinje wopapatiza, womwe ndi wocheperapo katatu, kuposa mtsinje wa Zambezi womwe umagwa m'miyala. Mtsinje, wa 1 800 mita m'lifupi, wothamanga kutsika, ukubangula kulowa panjira yopapatiza, yomwe ili 140 mita yokha mulifupi kwambiri pakatikati pake. Kuphatikiza apo, pakamwa pa chigwa chimapanikizika mpaka 100 m ndipo madzi amathamangira mokalipa mumngalayi, kulavulira mitambo yakumwa kakang'ono kwambiri kamene kali mlengalenga ndikutuluka pazovuta zamamita mazana ambiri pamwamba pa khoma lolimba la mtsinje waukulu womwe ukugwa kuchokera kutalika. Si mathithi akulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi malinga ndi kutalika kwake, koma muulemerero wake mosakayikira amaposa mathithi a Niagara ndi Iguazu.
Inde, osati wapamwamba kwambiri, koma wokulirapo. Victoria ndiye mathithi okhawo omwe ali pafupifupi 2 km kutalika kwake kupitirira 100 m Koma chodabwitsa kwambiri ndi madzi omwe mathithi amatsikira: ndiwophwatalala kwambiri kotero kuti kumawoneka ngati galasi losalala loyera likutsika kuchokera pamwamba pamiyala m'malo mwa madzi. Kuchuluka kwa Plume: 1.804 Mcfm. Palibe mathithi ena aliwonse padziko lapansi omwe angadzitamande ndi utsi wochuluka chonchi!
Kuphatikiza apo, kuphulika kwa daimondi ya kristalo kumakwera pamwamba pa phiri la Batoka, pomwe pali chigwa chocheperako, chomwe chimalandira madzi (mpaka 400 mita), ndipo zimawoneka patali mpaka makilomita 60 patsiku lowala.
Kuchokera kugombe lakumadzulo kwa Zimbabwe, mitsinje ya Zambezi imagawika magawo atatu ndi zilumba zingapo zokutidwa ndi masamba obiriwira otentha. Gawo lakummawa kwa mtsinjewo, lomwe lili m'chigawo cha Zambia, lang'ambika ndi zilumba pafupifupi 30 zazikulu ndi zazing'ono zamiyala.
Zambia ndi Zimbabwe "ali ndi" mathithi amadzi mofanana, malire amchigawochi amakhala m'mbali mwa Zambezi.
Mtsinjewo umanyamula madzi ake momasuka m'chigwa cha Savannah kupita kunyanja ya Indian, kuyambira pa mathithi akuda ndikutsuka kama wake pakati pa miyala yofewa yamchenga. Kutsuka tizilumba tating'ono ndi tchire, mtsinjewu ndi wotakata komanso waulesi mpaka kukafika pathanthwe lamiyala, pomwe umagwera pansi ndikubangula ndi phokoso. Awa ndimadzi pakati pa Zambezi chapamwamba komanso chapakati, malire ake ndi mathithi a Victoria.
Ndani Anapeza Victoria Falls?
Mtsinje wa Zambezi udapeza dzina kuchokera kudera laku Scottish wofufuza malo komanso mmishonale David Livingston. Ndizovuta kunena kuti anali ndani kwambiri - mmishonale kapena wasayansi wofufuza, koma chowonadi ndichakuti: David Livingston anali Mzungu woyamba amene adakwanitsa kuyenda mpaka pano pamtsinje wachinayi wautali kwambiri ku Africa, "atanyamula chikhulupiriro chachikhristu kumilirime yakuda", komanso nthawi yomweyo akuyang'ana madera a kontinenti ya Africa komwe palibe mzungu amene adapondapo. Ndipo ndi yekhayo amene ali ndi ufulu kutchedwa wodziwitsa za mathithi a Victoria Falls.
Kuchokera ku fuko la Makololo, lomwe kuyambira kalekale adakhazikitsa nyumba zawo zazing'ono pafupi ndi mathithi m'mphepete mwa mtsinjewo, Livingston adamva kuti chilankhulo chakomweko dzina la mtsinjewo limamveka ngati Kzasambo-Weizi. Adalemba china chake pamapu: "Zambezi". Chifukwa chake mtsinje womwe umadyetsa mathithi a Victoria Falls udatchulidwanso pamapu onse adziko.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti
Ma jets ena amphompho ndi ochepa kwambiri kotero kuti alibe nthawi yobwerera kumtsinje ndikubalalitsa zikwi zikwi zikwi zowala bwino mlengalenga, kuphatikiza ndi utawaleza womwe umaphimba mathithi nthawi zonse. Livingston adangothedwa nzeru. Chidwi cha mathithi a Victoria mwina chidakulitsidwa ndi utawaleza womwe wasayansi wamishonale uja adawona pamagwa usiku wowala mwezi. Ochepa omwe anali ndi mwayi adatha kuwona izi. Izi zimachitika pamene madzi okwera mu Zambezi amagwirizana ndi mwezi wathunthu.
Mwezi waukulu wonyezimira ukuyandama mlengalenga, ukuwala, ngati nyali yamzimu, nkhalango yodekha, malo osalala amtsinje wonyezimira ndi nyenyezi zoyera komanso mathithi amadzi otentha. Ndipo pamwamba pa zonsezi papachikidwa utawaleza wamitundu yambiri, wopindika ngati uta wokhala ndi chingwe cholumikizira uta, malekezero ena atatsamira pa velvet yakuda yakumwamba, ndikumira inayo mu madontho ambirimbiri amadzi.
Ndipo kukongola konseku ndikotheka m'masiku atatu okha. Ndizosatheka kuyerekezera, ngakhale kuti madzi osungidwa amasungidwa ku Zambia kuyambira Januware mpaka Julayi, koma utawaleza usiku pamadziwo "sukuchita" konse ndi mawonekedwe ake pafupipafupi.
Kupitiliza mbiri ya mathithi
Wasayansi, yemwe adadzipezera yekha komanso dziko lonse lapansi kukongola konse kwapadera kwamadzi oyera a Mtsinje wa Zambezi akugwera kuchokera m'miyala pa Novembala 17, 1855, adangodabwitsidwa.
- Ndi fumbi lamapiko a angelo! Adanong'oneza. Ndipo adaonjeza, ngati Briteni weniweni, - Mulungu apulumutse Mfumukazi! Umu ndi m'mene madzi amadzimadzi amatchulidwira Chingerezi - Victoria Falls.
Pambuyo pake Livingston adzalemba m'mabuku ake kuti: "Ili ndi dzina lokhalo la Chingerezi lomwe ndidapatsa gawo lililonse la Africa. Koma, Mulungu akudziwa, sindikadachita mwina! "
Emil Golub (wolemba mbiri waku Czech) adakhala zaka zingapo m'mbali mwa Zambezi, ngakhale zidamutengera milungu ingapo kuti ajambule mapu atsatanetsatane, atakopeka ndi mphamvu ya mathithiwa. “Ndimadyetsa mphamvu zake! - adatero Emil Golub, - Ndipo sindingathe kuchotsa maso anga paulamulirowu! " Zotsatira zake, atafika ku Victoria Falls mu 1875, sanafotokoze zambiri mwatsatanetsatane mpaka 1880.
Wojambula waku Britain a Thomas Baines, yemwe adafika ku Africa, atachita chidwi ndi nkhani zodabwitsa zina zachilengedwe, adajambula zithunzi momwe adayesera kufotokoza kukongola konse kwapadera ndi mphamvu yochititsa chidwi ya mathithi a Victoria Falls. Izi zinali zithunzi zoyamba za Victoria Falls zomwe anthu aku Europe adaziwona.
Pakadali pano, mathithiwa anali ndi mayina awo akomweko. Onse atatu:
- Soengo (Utawaleza).
- Chongue-Weizi (Madzi Osagona).
- Mozi-oa-Tunya (Utsi womwe umagunda).
Masiku ano, World Heritage List ivomereza mayina awiri ofanana ndi mathithi: Victoria Falls ndi Mozi-oa-Tunya.
Zambiri zosangalatsa
Chilumbachi, komwe David Livingston adakhala ndi mwayi wosangalala ndi mathithiwa, lero ali ndi dzina lake ndipo ali pakatikati pa chigawo cha canyon chomwe chili m'dziko la Zambia. Ku Zambia, malo osungirako zachilengedwe adakonzedwa mozungulira Victoria Falls, yotchedwa "dziko" - "Utsi Wokometsa" ("Mozi-oa-Tunya"). Kumbali ya dziko la Zimbabwe kuli malo osungira nyama omwewo, koma amatchedwa "Victoria Falls" ("Victoria Falls").
Zachidziwikire, gulu lonse la mbidzi ndi antelope zimayendayenda m'magawo a nkhalangoyi, nyama zazitali zokhala ndi khosi lalitali, pali mikango ndi zipembere, koma kunyada kwapadera kwa zinyama sizinyama, koma zinyama - Singing Forest, yomwe imatchedwanso Nkhalango Yolira.
Madontho ang'onoang'ono amphompho amatuluka mamailosi ambiri mozungulira, ndipo fumbi lamadzi limathirira mitengo yomwe ikukula m'nkhalango ndipo "misozi" imayenda mosalekeza. Mukasunthira pang'ono kuphompho kuti muchepetse phokoso la madzi ndikumvetsera, mutha kumva phokoso lolira, lokoka, lofanana ndi kulira kwa chingwe - nkhalango "imayimba". M'malo mwake, phokosoli limapangidwa ndi fumbi lamadzi lomwelo lomwe limayandama nthawi zonse pamtunda wobiriwirawo.
Ndi chiyani china choyenera kudziwa?
Zachidziwikire, mathithi enieni! Kuphatikiza pakukula kwake kwapadera, zingwe za phompho, pomwe madzi amagwera, ndizapaderanso, chifukwa chake amatchedwa "mathithi".
Chigwa chonse 5:
- Diso la Mdyerekezi... Nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "Cataract" kapena "Zizindikiro za Mdyerekezi". Dzinalo ndi mbale yachilengedwe iyi, yomwe ili pafupifupi 70 m kuchokera kumapeto kwenikweni kwa phompho komanso pafupifupi 20 sq. m. dera. Beseni lamiyala locheperako, lopangidwa ndi kugwa kwa madzi, limachokera ku chilumba chaching'ono chapafupi, pomwe mafuko achikunja akumeneko ankapereka nsembe zaumunthu. Anthu aku Europe omwe adabwera pambuyo pa Livingstone adatcha milungu iyi yakuda kuti ndi "yauchiwanda", chifukwa chake dzina la chisumbucho ndi mbale. Ngakhale kuti tsopano mutha kutsikira ku dziwe mothandizidwa ndi wowongolera (yemwe akudziwa ndendende kutsika komwe kuli kotetezeka kwambiri) kuti mukondwere kuwona kopanda tanthauzo lakugwa kwamadzi kuchokera kutalika kwa mamitala opitilira 100, Zolemba za Mdyerekezi zikututabe zokolola zachikunja, kutenga 2- Anthu 3 pachaka.
- Mathithi Main... Pakadali pano, ili ndiye nsalu yotchinga kwambiri komanso yotambalala kwambiri yamadzi, yolowera m'madzi kuchokera kutalika kwa 700,000 cubic metres pamphindi. M'madera ena, madzi alibe nthawi yofikira ku chigwa cha Batoka ndipo, atatengedwa ndi mphepo yamphamvu, imaphwanya mlengalenga, ndikupanga zikwizikwi zazing'ono, ndikupanga chifunga chachikulu. Kutalika kwa mathithi akulu ndi pafupifupi 95 m.
- Horseshoe kapena Mathithi Auma... Kutalika kwa 90-93 m.Ndiwotchuka chifukwa chakuti kuyambira nthawi ya Okutobala mpaka Novembala amauma, ndipo munthawi yake kuchuluka kwa madzi sikuwala kwenikweni m'mawu awa.
- Madzi a utawaleza... Mapiri ataliatali kwambiri - 110 m! Patsiku loyera, utsi wa utawaleza wa madontho mabiliyoni akulendewera umawonekera kwa makilomita makumi angapo, ndipo pano pa mwezi wathunthu mutha kuwona utawaleza wokhala mwezi.
- Malire akummawa... Uku ndi kutsika kwachiwiri kutalika pamamita 101. Ma rapids akum'mawa kwathunthu ali mbali ya Zambia ku Victoria Falls.
Malo angapo adapangidwa kuti Victoria Falls iwonedwe komanso zithunzi zokongola zambiri zojambulidwa mosiyanasiyana. Chodziwika kwambiri ndi Mpeni wa Blade. Ili pa mlatho pamwamba pa mathithi onse, pomwe mutha kuwona Eastern Rapids, Cauldron Yophika, ndi Diso la Mdyerekezi.
Zithunzi zomwe zimakumbukiridwanso pambuyo poyendera mathithi a Victoria sizomwe zili zochepa pang'ono paziwonetsero zomwe zidalandira mukamayendera zodabwitsa izi. Ndipo kuti zithunzizi zikhale zovuta kukumbukira, mutha kuyitanitsa ulendo wapaulendo kuchokera kudiso la mbalame pa helikopita, kapena, kayaking kapena bwato.
Mwambiri, pambuyo pomanga njanji mu 1905, kuyenda kwa alendo kukafika kumadzi kudakwera mpaka anthu zikwi 300 pachaka, komabe, popeza kukhazikika pazandale m'maiko aku Africa sikuwonedwa, kutuluka kumeneku sikukukulirakulira kwa zaka 100 zapitazi.
