Phanga la Altamira ndi mndandanda wapadera wa zojambula zamiyala zochokera ku Upper Paleolithic era, kuyambira 1985 idadziwika kuti ndi UNESCO World Heritage Site. Mosiyana ndi mapanga ena ku Cantabria, odziwika ndi kukongola kwawo kwapansi panthaka, Altamira imakopa makamaka okonda zinthu zakale komanso zaluso. Ulendo wapa malowa ukuphatikizidwa mu pulogalamu yokakamizidwa yazikhalidwe zapaulendo, zonse zodziyimira pawokha komanso zopangidwa ndi mabungwe.
Onani phanga la Altamira ndi zojambula zake
Altamira ndi makonde angapo ndi maholo okhala ndi kutalika konse kwa 270 m, yayikulu (yotchedwa Big Plafond) imakhala m'dera la 100 m2... Zipindazi zimadzazidwa ndi zizindikilo, zolemba pamanja ndi zojambula za nyama zakutchire: njati, akavalo, nguluwe.
Makoma awa ndi polychrome, pogwiritsa ntchito utoto wachilengedwe: malasha, ocher, manganese, hematite ndi zosakaniza za dothi la kaolin. Amakhulupirira kuti kuyambira zaka 2 mpaka 5 zapitazo pakati pa cholengedwa choyamba ndi chomalizira.
Ofufuza onse ndi alendo ku Altamira amachita chidwi ndi kuwonekera kwa mizere ndi kufanana kwake, zojambula zambiri zimapangidwa kamodzi kokha ndikuwonetsa kuyenda kwa nyama. Palibe zithunzi zosasunthika, zambiri mwazo ndizazithunzi zitatu chifukwa chokhala pagawo laphokoso. Zimadziwika kuti moto ukayatsa kapena kuwala pang'ono, zojambulazo zimayamba kuwonekera, potengera mphamvu ya voliyumu, sizotsika poyerekeza ndi zojambula za Impressionists.
Kupeza ndi kuzindikira
Mbiri yakufufuza, kufukula, kufalitsa ndi kuvomereza ndi dziko lazasayansi lazambiri zaluso la miyala ndiwodabwitsa kwambiri. Phanga la Altamira lidapezeka mu 1879 ndi eni malowo - Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola ndi mwana wake wamkazi, ndiamene adakopa chidwi cha abambo ake pazithunzi za ng'ombe pazipinda.
Soutuola anali katswiri wofukula zamabwinja yemwe adalembera zomwe zidapezeka ku Stone Age ndikupempha thandizo kwa asayansi kuti adziwe zambiri. Yemwe adayankha anali wasayansi waku Madrid Juan Vilanova y Pierre, yemwe adafalitsa zotsatira za kafukufukuyu mu 1880.
Tsoka lazomwe zidachitikazi lidali labwino komanso lokongola modabwitsa pazithunzizo. Altamira anali woyamba mwa mapanga omwe amapezeka ndi zojambula pamiyala yosungidwa, asayansi sanali okonzeka kusintha chithunzi cha dziko lawo ndikuzindikira kuthekera kwa anthu akale kuti apange zojambula zaluso ngati izi. Pamsonkhano wakale ku Lisbon, Soutoulou adaimbidwa mlandu wokutira pamakoma a phanga ndi zojambula zabodza, ndipo manyazi omwe adakhalapo adakhalabe naye mpaka kumwalira.
Tikukulimbikitsani kuti muwone zambiri zosangalatsa za meteorite ya Tunguska.
Kupezeka mu 1895, mapanga ofanana ku France adakhalabe osadziwika kwa nthawi yayitali, kokha mu 1902 zokumba mobwerezabwereza ku Altamira adatha kutsimikizira nthawi yopanga utoto - Upper Paleolithic, pambuyo pake banja la a Soutuola lidadziwika kuti ndiomwe adazindikira zaluso zino. Kutsimikizika kwa zithunzizi kwatsimikiziridwa ndi maphunziro a radiology, zaka zawo zakubadwa ndi zaka 16,500.
Yosankha kukaona Phanga la Altamira
Altamira ili ku Spain: 5 km kuchokera ku Santillana del Mar, yotchuka chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake ka Gothic, ndi 30 km kuchokera ku Santadera, likulu loyang'anira ku Cantabria. Njira yosavuta yofikira kumeneko ndi mugalimoto yobwereka. Alendo wamba saloledwa kulowa m'phanga momwemo; mzere wa alendo omwe alandila chilolezo chapadera chadzaza zaka zikubwerazi.
Koma, mofananira ndi phanga lodziwika bwino la Lasko, mu 2001 nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale idatsegulidwa pafupi ndikuwonetsedwa molondola kwambiri kwa Great Plafond ndi makonde oyandikana nawo. Zithunzi ndi zolembedwa zojambulidwa m'makoma ochokera kuphanga la Altamira zimaperekedwa m'malo osungirako zinthu zakale ku Munich ndi ku Japan, diorama lowala - ku Madrid.
