Baikonur Cosmodrome - woyamba komanso cosmodrome yayikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Ili ku Kazakhstan pafupi ndi mudzi wa Tyuratam ndipo ili ndi malo a 6717 km².
Zinachokera ku Baikonur mu 1957 pomwe rocket ya R-7 idayambitsidwa ndi satellite yoyamba ya Earth, ndipo patatha zaka 4 munthu woyamba m'mbiri, Yuri Gagarin, adatumizidwa mlengalenga kuchokera pano. M'zaka zotsatira, maroketi amwezi a N-1 ndi gawo la Zarya adayambitsidwa patsamba lino, pomwe ntchito yomanga International Space Station (ISS) idayamba.
Kulengedwa kwa cosmodrome
Mu 1954, bungwe lapadera linapangidwa kuti lisankhe malo oyenera pomanga malo ankhondo ndi malo ophunzitsira. Chaka chotsatira, Chipani cha Komyunisiti chinavomereza lamulo lokhazikitsa malo oyesera kuyezetsa ndege ya 1 Soviet intercontinental ballistic "R-7" m'chipululu cha Kazakhstan.
Malowa adakwaniritsa zofunikira zingapo pakukula kwa ntchito yayikulu, kuphatikiza dera lomwe lili ndi anthu ochepa m'derali, magwero amadzi akumwa komanso kupezeka kwa maulalo a njanji.
Wopanga ma roketi ndi mawonekedwe apakatikati Sergei Korolev analimbikitsanso zomanga cosmodrome m'malo ano. Adalimbikitsa chisankho chake ndikuti malo oyandikira malo ali pafupi ndi equator, zidzakhala zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito liwiro lazungulira padziko lathu lapansi.
Baikonur cosmodrome idakhazikitsidwa pa Juni 2, 1955. Mwezi ndi mwezi, dera lachipululu lidasandulika malo osanja amisiri okhala ndi zomangamanga zotukuka.
Mofananamo ndi izi, mzinda woyeserera unali kumangidwanso pafupi ndi tsambalo. Zotsatira zake, dambo ndi mudziwo adalandira dzina loti "Zarya".
Yambitsani mbiri
Kuyambitsa koyamba kuchokera ku Baikonur kudachitika pa Meyi 15, 1957, koma kudatha chifukwa cholephera kuphulika kwa rocket imodzi. Pafupifupi miyezi itatu, asayansiwo adakwanitsabe kukhazikitsa roketi ya R-7, yomwe idapereka zipolopolo zofananira komwe zidafotokozedwazo.
Chaka chomwecho, pa Okutobala 4, satelayiti yochita kupanga ya PS-1 idakhazikitsidwa bwino. Chochitikachi chinali chiyambi cha nthawi yamlengalenga. "PS-1" inali mozungulira kwa miyezi itatu, itatha kuzungulira dziko lathu nthawi 1440! Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti ma radio transmitter ake adagwira ntchito masabata awiri kuchokera pomwe adayamba.
Zaka 4 pambuyo pake, chochitika china chosaiwalika chidachitika chomwe chidadabwitsa dziko lonse lapansi. Pa Epulo 12, 1961, chombo cha Vostok chidayambitsidwa bwino kuchokera ku cosmodrome, ndi Yuri Gagarin.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti ndipamene pomwe malo ophunzitsira usirikali apamwamba adayamba kutchedwa Baikonur, kutanthauza kuti "chigwa cholemera" ku Kazakh.
Pa June 16, 1963, mkazi woyamba m'mbiri, Valentina Tereshkova, adapita kudanga. Pambuyo pake, adapatsidwa dzina la Hero of the Soviet Union. Pambuyo pake, zikwizikwi za maroketi osiyanasiyana anapangidwa ku Baikonur cosmodrome.
Nthawi yomweyo mapulogalamu a kukhazikitsidwa kwa ndege zonyamula anthu, malo oyimitsira ndege, ndi zina zambiri. Mu Meyi 1987, galimoto yoyambitsa Energia idayambitsidwa bwino kuchokera ku Baikonur. Chaka chimodzi ndi theka pambuyo pake, mothandizidwa ndi Energia, kukhazikitsidwa koyamba komanso komaliza kwa ndege zogwiritsa ntchito rocket ya Buran kunapangidwa.
Nditamaliza kusintha kawiri kuzungulira dziko lapansi "Buran" idafika bwino ku cosmodrome. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti kutera kwake kudachitika modzidzimutsa komanso popanda anthu ogwira ntchito.
Mu nthawi ya 1971-1991. Malo okwanira 7 a Salyut adayambitsidwa kuchokera ku Baikonur cosmodrome. Kuyambira 1986 mpaka 2001, ma module a Mir complex ndi ISS, omwe akugwirabe ntchito mpaka pano, adatumizidwa mumlengalenga.
Lendi ndi magwiridwe antchito a cosmodrome ndi Russia
Ulamuliro wa USSR utagwa mu 1991, Baikonur idayamba kulamulidwa ndi Kazakhstan. Mu 1994, cosmodrome idabwereketsedwa ku Russia, yomwe idakwana $ 115 miliyoni pachaka.
Mu 1997, kusintha pang'onopang'ono kwa cosmodrome kuchokera ku RF Ministry of Defense kupita ku oyang'anira a Roskosmos kudayamba, ndipo pambuyo pake kumabizinesi wamba, fungulo lake ndi:
- Nthambi ya FSUE TSENKI;
- RSC Energia;
- GKNTSP iwo. M. V. Khrunicheva;
- TsSKB-Kupita Patsogolo.
Pakadali pano, Baikonur ili ndi malo 9 otsegulira ma roketi onyamula, okhala ndi malaya ambiri ndi malo odzaza mafuta. Malinga ndi mgwirizano, Baikonur adabwereketsedwa ku Russia mpaka 2050.
Zomangamanga za cosmodrome zimaphatikizira mabwalo ampweya awiri, 470 km njanji, misewu yopitilira 1200 km, zopitilira ma 6600 km yamagetsi opatsira magetsi komanso pafupifupi ma 2780 km amizere yolumikizirana. Onse ogwira ntchito ku Baikonur ndiopitilira 10,000.
Baikonur lero
Tsopano ntchito ili mkati yopanga rocket complex "Baiterek" molumikizana ndi Kazakhstan. Kuyesa kuyenera kuyamba mu 2023, koma izi sizingachitike chifukwa cha mliri wa coronavirus.
Pakugwira ntchito kwa cosmodrome, mpaka maulalo 5000 a maroketi osiyanasiyana adachitika kuchokera pamalo ake oyesera. Kuyambira kale, pafupifupi akatswiri pafupifupi 150 ochokera kumayiko osiyanasiyana adapita mumlengalenga kuchokera pano. Mu nthawi ya 1992-2019. Kutulutsa kwa 530 kwa maroketi onyamula kunachitika.
Mpaka 2016, Baikonur adasungitsa utsogoleri wapadziko lonse lapansi. Komabe, kuyambira 2016, malo oyamba pachizindikiro ichi adatengedwa ndi spaceport yaku America Cape Canaveral. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti chiwonkhetso cha Baikonur cosmodrome ndi mzindawu zimawononga ndalama za boma la Russia zoposa 10 biliyoni pachaka.
Pali gulu loteteza "Antiheptil" ku Kazakhstan, lomwe limatsutsa zomwe Baikonur amachita. Omwe atenga nawo mbali alengeza poyera kuti cosmodrome ndi yomwe imayambitsa kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe m'derali kuchokera ku zonyansa zoyipa zamagalimoto oyambitsa "Proton". Pachifukwa ichi, zionetsero zimakonzedwa mobwerezabwereza pano.
Chithunzi cha Baikonur cosmodrome
