Quintus Horace Flaccus, nthawi zambiri basi Horace (65 - 8 BC) - Wolemba ndakatulo wakale waku Roma wazaka za "golide" wazolemba zaku Roma Ntchito yake imagwera munthawi ya nkhondo zapachiweniweni kumapeto kwa Republic komanso mzaka zoyambirira zaulamuliro watsopano wa Octavian Augustus.
Pali zambiri zosangalatsa pamutu wa Horace, zomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, musanakhale ndi mbiri yayifupi ya Quintus Horace Flacca.
Mbiri ya Horace
Horace adabadwa pa Disembala 8, 65 BC. e. mumzinda wa Italy wa Venosa. Abambo ake adakhala gawo lina la moyo wawo muukapolo, ali ndi maluso osiyanasiyana omwe adamuthandiza kupeza ufulu ndikukweza ndalama zake.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Pofuna kuphunzitsa mwana wake wamwamuna, bambo ake adasiya malo ake ndikusamukira ku Roma, komwe Horace adayamba kuphunzira sayansi zosiyanasiyana ndikudziwa bwino Chigiriki. Wolemba ndakatuloyo analankhula mokoma mtima za kholo lake, yemwe amayesera kumupatsa zonse zomwe amafunikira.
Mwachidziwikire, bambo ake atamwalira, Horace wazaka 19 adapitiliza maphunziro ake ku Athens. Kumeneko adatha kulowa m'gulu la akatswiri ndikudziwana ndi filosofi yachi Greek ndi zolemba. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti mwana wa Cicero adaphunzira naye.
Pambuyo pa kuphedwa kwa a Julius Caesar, a Brutus adabwera ku Athens kudzafuna oimira republican system. Apa adapita kumakalata ku Platonic Academy ndikulimbikitsa malingaliro ake kwa ophunzira.
Horace, pamodzi ndi achichepere ena, adayitanidwa kuti akatumikire pa khothi lamilandu yankhondo, yomwe inali yolemekezeka kwambiri kwa iye poti anali mwana wa mfulu. M'malo mwake, adakhala msilikali wankhondo.
Atagonjetsedwa asitikali a Brutus mu 42 BC. Horace, pamodzi ndi ankhondo ena, adachoka pagulu.
Kenako adasintha malingaliro ake andale ndikuvomereza kukhululukidwa komwe adapatsa otsatira Brutus ndi Emperor Octavian.
Popeza chuma cha abambo a Horace ku Vesunia chidalandidwa ndi boma, adapezeka kuti ali pamavuto azachuma. Zotsatira zake, adaganiza zopanga ndakatulo zomwe zingamuthandize pazachuma komanso chikhalidwe chake. Posakhalitsa adayamba ntchito yaulembi ku questura mosungira chuma ndikuyamba kulemba ndakatulo.
Ndakatulo
Nyimbo yoyamba ya Horace idatchedwa Yambas, yolembedwa m'Chilatini. M'zaka zotsatira za mbiri yake, adakhala wolemba "Satyr", yolembedwa ngati mawonekedwe aulere.
Horace adalimbikitsa owerenga kuti alankhule za chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi mavuto awanthu, ndikumupatsa ufulu woti afotokozere. Adathandizira malingaliro ake ndi nthabwala ndi zitsanzo zomwe zimamveka kwa anthu wamba.
Wolemba ndakatulo adapewa zovuta zandale, ndikukhudza kwambiri mitu yafilosofi. Pambuyo posindikiza zopereka zoyambirira mu 39-38. BC Horace adakhala mgulu lachi Roma, momwe Virgil adamuthandiza.
Kamodzi ku khothi la mfumu, wolemba adawonetsa kusamala ndi kusamala m'malingaliro ake, kuyesera kuti asapatulike kwa ena. Mnzake anali Gaius Cilny Maecenas, yemwe anali mnzake wapamtima wa Octavia.
Horace adatsata mosamalitsa kusintha kwa Augustus, koma nthawi yomweyo sanatsike pamlingo wa "wonyenga". Ngati mukukhulupirira Suetonius, mfumuyo idapereka wolemba ndakatuloyo kuti akhale mlembi wake, koma adakanidwa mwaulemu.
Ngakhale zabwino zomwe Horace adalonjeza, sanafune udindowu. Makamaka, amawopa kuti akakhala mlembi wa wolamulira, ataya ufulu wake, womwe amawalemekeza kwambiri. Mwa nthawi ya mbiri yake, anali kale ndi njira zokwanira pamoyo komanso malo apamwamba pagulu.
Horace yekha adaganizira kuti ubale wake ndi Mbuye wake umangodalira kulemekezana komanso ubwenzi. Ndiye kuti, adanenetsa kuti sanali mmanja mwa a Maecena, koma anali mnzake. Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti sanazunze ubale wawo ndi woyang'anira.
Malinga ndi olemba mbiri yakale, a Horace sanalimbane ndi moyo wapamwamba komanso kutchuka, posankha moyo wabatawu kumidzi. Komabe, chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa omvera otchuka, nthawi zambiri amalandira mphatso zamtengo wapatali ndikukhala mwini malo otchuka m'mapiri a Sabinsky.
Malinga ndi magwero angapo, Quintus Horace Flaccus anali ndi Maecenas m'modzi mwamphamvu zankhondo zaku Octavian, komanso pankhondo ku Cape Actium. Popita nthawi, adatulutsa nyimbo zake zotchuka za "Nyimbo" ("Odes"), zolembedwa mothokoza. Adalemba mitu yambiri, kuphatikiza zamakhalidwe, kukonda dziko, chikondi, chilungamo, ndi zina zambiri.
Odes, Horace adatamanda Augustus mobwerezabwereza, chifukwa nthawi zina anali mgwilizano ndi ndale zake, komanso amamvetsetsa kuti moyo wake wopanda nkhawa makamaka umadalira thanzi lamfumu.
Ngakhale "Nyimbo" za Horace zidalandiridwa mozizwitsa ndi anthu am'nthawi yake, zidapitilira wolemba wawo kwa zaka mazana ambiri ndipo zidalimbikitsa olemba ndakatulo aku Russia. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti kumasulira kwawo ndi anthu monga Mikhail Lomonosov, Gabriel Derzhavin ndi Afanasy Fet.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20 BC. Horace adayamba kutaya chidwi ndi mtundu wa odic. Adapereka buku lake latsopano la "Mauthenga", lokhala ndi zilembo za 3 komanso zoperekedwa kwa abwenzi.
Chifukwa chakuti ntchito za Horace zinali zotchuka kale komanso masiku ano, ntchito zake zonse zidakalipobe mpaka pano. Ndi anthu ochepa okha omwe amadziwa kuti pambuyo pakupanga kusindikiza, palibe wolemba wakale yemwe adasindikizidwa kangapo kuposa Horace.
Moyo waumwini
Kwa zaka zambiri za mbiri yake, Horace sanakwatirane, komanso sanasiye ana. Anthu akale anafotokoza chithunzichi motere: "wamfupi, wamiyala, wadazi."
Komabe, mwamunayo nthawi zambiri ankakonda zosangalatsa zakuthupi ndi atsikana osiyanasiyana. Nyimbo zake zinali za Thracian Chloe ndi Barina, zomwe zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kukopa kwawo komanso wochenjera, yemwe adamutcha chikondi chomaliza.
Olemba mbiri yakale akuti munali kalirole ndi zithunzi zolaula m'chipinda chake kuti wolemba ndakatuloyo azitha kuwona maliseche paliponse.
Imfa
Horace adamwalira pa Novembala 27, 8 BC. ali ndi zaka 56. Choyambitsa imfa yake chinali matenda osadziwika omwe adamugwira mwadzidzidzi. Anasamutsa katundu wake yense kupita ku Octavia, yemwe adaumiriza kuti kuyambira pano ntchito za wandakatuli ziziphunzitsidwa m'masukulu onse.
Zithunzi za Horace
