Ludwig Joseph Johann Wittgenstein (1889-1951) - Wofilosofi wa ku Austria ndi katswiri wazamalonda, woimira filosofi yowunika, m'modzi mwa akatswiri anzeru kwambiri mzaka za zana la 20. Wolemba pulogalamuyi kuti apange chilankhulo "choyenera" choyambirira, chomwe chimakhala chinenedwe cha masamu.
Pali zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Wittgenstein, zomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, patsogolo panu pali mbiri yayifupi ya Ludwig Wittgenstein.
Mbiri ya Wittgenstein
Ludwig Wittgenstein adabadwa pa Epulo 26, 1889 ku Vienna. Anakulira ndipo adaleredwa m'banja la oligarch wachitsulo wobadwa kwachiyuda Karl Wittgenstein ndi Leopoldina Kalmus. Iye anali womaliza mwa ana 8 a makolo ake.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Mutu wabanja anali m'modzi mwa anthu olemera kwambiri ku Europe. Anakonza zokweza mabizinesi olemera kuchokera kwa ana ake. Pankhaniyi, mwamunayo adaganiza kuti asatumize ana ake kusukulu, koma kuti adzawapatse maphunziro apanyumba.
Karl Wittgenstein anali wosiyana ndi khalidwe lake laukali, chifukwa chake adafuna kuti omvera onse amvere mosakayikira. Izi zidakhudza psyche ya ana. Zotsatira zake, ali anyamata, atatu mwa abale asanu a Ludwig adadzipha.
Izi zidapangitsa kuti Wittgenstein Sr. amasule ndikulola Ludwig ndi Paul kupita kusukulu yanthawi zonse. Ludwig adakonda kukhala payekha, amalandila masukulu ochepa ndipo zimawavuta kupeza chilankhulo chofanana ndi anyamata ena.
Pali mtundu womwe Ludwig adaphunzira mkalasi lomwelo ndi Adolf Hitler. Ndipo mchimwene wake Paul adakhala katswiri woimba piyano. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti pomwe adataya dzanja lake lamanja kunkhondo, Paul adakwanitsa kupitiliza kusewera.
Ali mnyamata, Wittgenstein anayamba chidwi ndi zomangamanga, kenako kupanga ndege. Makamaka, anali kuchita kapangidwe ka zoyendetsa. Kenako anayamba kusangalatsidwa ndi vuto la maziko a filosofi ya masamu.
Nzeru
Ludwig ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 22, adalowa ku Cambridge, komwe anali wothandizira komanso mnzake wa Bertrand Russell. Pamene bambo ake anamwalira mu 1913, wasayansi wachichepereyo anali m'modzi mwa anthu olemera kwambiri ku Europe.
Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti Wittgenstein adagawana cholowa pakati pa abale, komanso adagawa gawo lina la ndalamazo kuti zithandizire anthu opanga. Adakhazikika m'mudzi waku Norway, ndikulemba "Zolemba pa Logic" pamenepo.
Kafukufuku wa mnyamatayo amafanana ndi malingaliro pazovuta zamanenedwe. Adanenanso kuti kugwiritsa ntchito tautology m'mawu ngati chowonadi, ndikuwona zotsutsana ngati chinyengo.
Mu 1914 Ludwig Wittgenstein anapita patsogolo. Patatha zaka zitatu adamangidwa. Ali m'ndende yankhondo, adalemba pafupifupi "Logical and Philosophical Treatise" yake yotchuka, yomwe idakhala yosangalatsa kwenikweni padziko lonse lapansi.
Komabe, Wittgenstein sanafune konse kutchuka komwe kunamugwera atatulutsa ntchitoyi. Nthawi yonseyi ya mbiri yake, adaphunzitsa pasukulu yakumidzi, ndipo pambuyo pake adagwira ntchito yosamalira munda m'nyumba ya amonke.
Ludwig anali wotsimikiza kuti mavuto akulu onse anzeru za m'buku lake anali atathetsedwa kale, koma mu 1926 anasintha malingaliro ake. Wolemba adazindikira kuti mavutowa alipobe, ndipo malingaliro ena ofotokozedwa m'buku lake ndi olakwika.
Pa nthawi yomweyi, Wittgenstein adakhala wolemba buku lotanthauzira ana la katchulidwe ndi kalembedwe. Nthawi yomweyo, adapanga zosintha zingapo mu "Logical-Philosophical Treatise", yomwe idayamba kuyimira 7 aphorisms.
Lingaliro lofunikira linali kudziwika kwa kapangidwe kake ka chilankhulo komanso kapangidwe ka dziko lapansi. Komanso, dziko lapansi linali ndi zowona, osati zinthu, monga zimafotokozedwera m'mafilosofi ambiri.
Chilankhulo chonse sichimangofotokozera kwathunthu zonse padziko lapansi, ndiko kuti, zenizeni. Chilankhulo chimatsatira malamulo amalingaliro ndipo chimadzetsa mwayi wokhazikika. Masentensi onse omwe amatsutsana ndi malingaliro samveka. Zomwe zitha kufotokozedwa zitha kuchitidwa.
Mgwirizanowu udatha ndi wachisanu ndi chiwiri aphorism, womwe umati: "Zomwe ndizosatheka kuyankhulapo ndikuyenera kukhala chete." Komabe, mawu ngati amenewa adadzudzula ngakhale otsatira Ludwig Wittgenstein, chifukwa adaganiza zokonzanso chiphunzitsochi.
Zotsatira zake, wafilosofi anali ndi malingaliro atsopano omwe amawulula chilankhulo ngati njira zosinthira, momwe zotsutsana zimatha kukhalapo. Tsopano ntchito ya nzeru inali kupanga malamulo osavuta komanso omveka bwino ogwiritsira ntchito magulu azilankhulo ndikuchotsa zotsutsana.
Malingaliro amtsogolo a Wittgenstein adaphunzitsanso nzeru za zilankhulo, komanso zimakhudzanso malingaliro amalingaliro amakono a Anglo-American. Pa nthawi yomweyo, pamaziko a malingaliro ake, chiphunzitso cha positivism chomveka chinapangidwa.
Mu 1929 Ludwig adakhazikika ku Great Britain, komwe adagwira ntchito yophunzitsa ku Trinity College. Pambuyo pa Anschluss mu 1938, adakhala nzika yaku Germany. Monga mukudziwa, Anazi anali kudana ndi Ayuda makamaka, kuwazunza ndikuwapondereza.
Wittgenstein ndi abale ake adakhala m'modzi mwa Ayuda ochepa omwe adapatsidwa ulemu wapadera ndi Hitler. Izi zinali makamaka chifukwa cha kuthekera kwachuma kwa wasayansi. Analandira nzika zaku Britain patatha chaka chimodzi.
Munthawi imeneyi a Ludwig amaphunzitsa masamu ndi nzeru ku Cambridge. Chakumapeto kwa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse (1939-1945), adasiya ntchito yake yasayansi kuti azichita mwadongosolo mchipatala china. Nkhondo itatha, adachoka ku Yunivesite ya Cambridge ndipo adayamba kulemba.
Wittgenstein adagwira ntchito kuti apange filosofi yatsopano yazilankhulo. Ntchito yayikulu panthawiyi inali Kafilosofi Yofufuza, yomwe idasindikizidwa atamwalira wolemba.
Moyo waumwini
Ludwig anali wokonda amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndiye kuti anali ndi zibwenzi zapakati pa akazi ndi abambo. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1920, adakumana ndi Swiss Margarita Resinger.
Kwa zaka 5, mtsikanayo adapirira moyo wosasangalatsa wa Wittgenstein, koma atapita ku Norway, kuleza mtima kwake kunatha. Kumeneko adazindikira kuti sangakhale pansi padenga limodzi ndi wafilosofi.
Okonda a Ludwig anali osachepera anthu atatu: David Pincent, Francis Skinner ndi Ben Richards. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti wasayansi anali ndi phula labwino, pokhala woyimba bwino. Analinso wosema ziboliboli komanso wopanga mapulani.
Imfa
Ludwig Wittgenstein anamwalira pa Epulo 29, 1951 ali ndi zaka 62. Chifukwa cha imfa yake chinali khansa ya prostate. Adaikidwa m'manda malinga ndi miyambo yachikatolika m'modzi mwa manda aku Cambridge.
Zithunzi za Wittgenstein
