John Wycliffe (Wyclif) (c. 1320 kapena 1324 - 1384) - Wophunzira zaumulungu wachingelezi, pulofesa ku Oxford University komanso woyambitsa chiphunzitso cha Wycliffe, yemwe malingaliro ake adalimbikitsa gulu lotchuka la Lollard.
Wosintha zinthu ndi amene anayambitsanso Chipulotesitanti, yemwe nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "nyenyezi yam'mawa ya Kukonzanso", yemwe adayala maziko a malingaliro a Kukonzanso komwe kukubwera ku Europe.
Wycliffe ndiye womasulira woyamba wa Baibulo mu Middle English. Wolemba ntchito zambiri zokhudzana ndi malingaliro ndi nzeru. Zolemba zaumulungu za Wycliffe zidatsutsidwa ndi Tchalitchi cha Katolika ndipo, chifukwa chake, adadziwika kuti ndi ampatuko.
Pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Wycliffe, yomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, nayi mbiri yayifupi ya John Wycliffe.
Mbiri ya Wycliffe
John Wycliffe adabadwa kumapeto kwa 1320-1324 ku English Yorkshire. Iye anakulira ndipo anakulira m'banja la munthu wolemekezeka osauka. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti banjali lidalandira dzina lomaliza polemekeza mudzi wa Wycliffe-on-Tees.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Ali ndi zaka 16, adayamba kuphunzira ku Oxford University, komwe pamapeto pake adalandira digiri yaukadaulo wake. Atakhala wophunzira zaumulungu wotsimikizika, adatsalira kuti akaphunzitse kuyunivesite yakomweko.
Mu 1360 John Wycliffe anapatsidwa udindo wa Master (mutu) wa Balliol College wa yunivesite yomweyo. Munthawi imeneyi ya mbiri yake, anali atalemba, akuwonetsa chidwi ndi fizikiya, masamu, malingaliro, zakuthambo ndi sayansi zina.
Mwamunayo adakondweretsedwa ndi zaumulungu atakambirana ndi nthumwi ya Papa Gregory XI mu 1374. Wycliffe adadzudzula kugwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika kwa mphamvu ku England ndi tchalitchi. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti mfumu yaku England sinakhutire ndi kudalira kwa apapa, omwe adagwirizana ndi France munthawi ya Nkhondo Zaka 100.
M'zaka zotsatira za mbiri yake, John modzipereka kwambiri adatsutsa atsogoleri achipembedzo achikatolika, chifukwa chadyera komanso kukonda ndalama. Anachirikiza malingaliro ake ndi mavesi a m'Baibulo.
Makamaka, Wycliffe ananena kuti Yesu kapena omutsatira ake analibe chuma, komanso sanalowerere ndale. Zonsezi sizikanadziwika. Mu 1377, wophunzitsa zaumulungu uja adazengedwa mlandu ndi bishopu waku London chifukwa chazipembedzo zomwe amamuzunza.
Wycliffe adapulumutsidwa ndi kupembedzera kwa Mtsogoleriyo komanso mwinimwini wamkulu wa John wa Gaunt, yemwe adayamba kumuteteza mwamphamvu pamaso pa oweruza. Zotsatira zake, izi zidabweretsa chisokonezo ndikugwa kwa khothi.
Chaka chotsatira, Papa adatulutsa ng'ombe yomwe idatsutsa malingaliro a Mngelezi, koma chifukwa cha zoyesayesa za nyumba yachifumu ndi Oxford University, John adatha kupewa kumangidwa chifukwa cha zikhulupiriro zake. Imfa ya Gregory XI komanso kupatukana kwa apapa komwe kunatsatira kunapulumutsa munthuyo kuzunzo.
Pambuyo pa zipolowe za anthu wamba zomwe sizinapambane mu 1381, oyang'anira nyumba ndi ena olemekezeka adasiya kuyang'anira Wycliffe. Izi zidamupangitsa kuti akhale pachiwopsezo chachikulu m'moyo wake.
Atakakamizidwa ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo achikatolika, akatswiri azaumulungu a ku Oxford anazindikira kuti mfundo 12 za Yohanezo ndi zabodza. Zotsatira zake, wolemba zilembozo ndi omwe adacheza nawo adachotsedwa ntchito kuyunivesite ndipo posakhalitsa adachotsedwa.
Pambuyo pake, Wycliffe amayenera kubisala nthawi zonse kuti Akatolika azizunzidwa. Atakhazikika ku Lutterworth, adapereka moyo wake wonse kumasulira Baibulo mu Chingerezi. Kenako adalemba ntchito yake yayikulu "Trialogue", pomwe adapereka malingaliro ake okonzanso.
Malingaliro ofunikira
Mu 1376, a John Wycliffe adayamba kutsutsa poyera komanso momveka bwino zochita za Tchalitchi cha Katolika, pophunzitsa ku Oxford. Anatinso chilungamo chokha ndi chomwe chingapatse ufulu wokhala ndi chuma.
Momwemonso, atsogoleri osalungama sangakhale ndi ufulu wotere, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zisankho zonse ziyenera kuchokera mwachindunji kwa akuluakulu aboma.
Kuphatikiza apo, a John adanena kuti kukhalapo kwa katundu papapa kumayankhula za malingaliro ake ochimwa, popeza Khristu ndi ophunzira ake sanali awo, koma, m'malo mwake, amafuna kuti azikhala ndi zofunikira kwambiri, ndikugawana zotsalazo ndi osauka.
Mawu odana ndiopewa adadzetsa mphepo yamkuntho pakati pa atsogoleri achipembedzo onse, kupatula omwe anali oyipa. Wycliffe adadzudzula Akatolika ponena kuti amatenga msonkho kuchokera ku England komanso kuteteza ufulu wamfumu wolanda katundu wa tchalitchi. Pachifukwa ichi, malingaliro ake ambiri adalandiridwa ndi nyumba yachifumu.
Kuphatikiza pa izi, a John Wycliffe adakana ziphunzitso ndi miyambo yotsatirayi ya Chikatolika:
- chiphunzitso cha purigatorio;
- kugulitsa zikhululukiro (kumasulidwa ku chilango cha machimo);
- sakramenti la madalitso;
- kuulula pamaso pa wansembe (akulimbikitsidwa kuti alape molunjika pamaso pa Mulungu);
- sakramenti la kusandulika kwa thupi (chikhulupiriro chakuti mkate ndi vinyo pokonza misa zimatembenuka kukhala thupi ndi mwazi wa Yesu Khristu).
Wycliffe ananena kuti munthu aliyense amalumikizidwa mwachindunji (popanda chithandizo cha tchalitchi) ndi Wam'mwambamwamba. Koma kuti kulumikizana kumeneku kukhale kwamphamvu kwambiri, adaitanitsa kuti Baibulo limasuliridwe kuchokera m'Chilatini kupita m'zilankhulo zosiyanasiyana kuti anthu azitha kuliwerenga pawokha ndikupanga ubale wawo ndi Mlengi.
Kwa zaka zambiri za mbiri yake, a John Wycliffe adalemba zolemba zambiri zomwe adalembapo kuti amfumu ndi kazembe wa Wamphamvuyonse, chifukwa chake mabishopu amayenera kukhala pansi pa mfumu.
Pamene Great Western Schism inayamba mu 1378, wokonzanso anayamba kuzindikira kuti Papa ndi Wokana Kristu. John adati kuvomereza kwa mphatso ya Constantine kunapangitsa apapa onse omwe anali pambuyo pake kukhala ampatuko. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, analimbikitsa anthu onse omwe anali ndi maganizo ofanana kuti ayambe kumasulira Baibulo m'Chingelezi. Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, ankamasulira Baibulo lonse kuchokera m'Chilatini kupita m'Chingelezi.
Pambuyo pazinthu "zopandukira" izi, Wycliffe adazunzidwa kwambiri ndi tchalitchicho. Komanso, Akatolika anakakamiza kagulu kochepa ka otsatira ake kukana malingaliro a wazamulungu.
Komabe, pofika nthawiyo, ziphunzitso za a John Wycliffe zinali zitafalikira kwambiri kupitirira malire amzindawu ndipo zidapulumuka chifukwa cha khama la a Lollards achangu, koma osaphunzira kwambiri. Mwa njira, a Lollards anali alaliki oyendayenda omwe nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "ansembe osauka" chifukwa amavala zovala zosavuta, amayenda opanda nsapato, ndipo alibe katundu.
A Lollards nawonso adazunzidwa kwambiri, koma adapitilizabe kuchita maphunziro. Pofuna kuti Malemba akhudze mitima ya anthu wamba, anayenda ulendo wapansi kuzungulira England, kulalikira kwa anthu amtundu wawo.
Sizinali zachilendo kwa a Lollards kuwerengera anthu mbali za Baibulo la Wycliffe ndikuwasiya makope olembedwa pamanja. Ziphunzitso za Angelezi zidafalikira pakati pa anthu wamba ku Europe konse.
Malingaliro ake anali otchuka kwambiri ku Czech Republic, komwe adatengedwa ndi wamaphunziro azaumulungu a Jan Hus ndi omutsatira ake, a Hussites. Mu 1415, mwalamulo la Khonsolo ya Constance, Wycliffe ndi Huss adalengezedwa kuti ndi ampatuko, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti owotchedwayo awotchedwe pamtengo.
Imfa
A John Wycliffe adamwalira ndi sitiroko pa Disembala 31, 1384. Patatha zaka 44, malinga ndi lingaliro la Cathedral of Constance, zotsalira za Wycliffe zidakumbidwa pansi ndikuwotchedwa. Wycliffe ndi dzina la Wycliffe Bible Translations, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa mu 1942 ndipo linaperekedwa kuti amasulire Baibulo.
Zithunzi za Wycliffe
