Chililabombwe (1861-1941) - Wolemba India, wolemba ndakatulo, wolemba nyimbo, wojambula, wafilosofi komanso wotchuka pagulu. Oyamba osakhala aku Europe kuti alandire Mphoto ya Nobel for Literature (1913).
Ndakatulo yake idawonedwa ngati zolemba zauzimu ndipo, pamodzi ndi chidwi chake, adapanga chithunzi cha mneneri Tagore Kumadzulo. Lero ndakatulo zake ndi nyimbo zaku India ("Moyo wa anthu") ndi Bangladesh ("Bengal Wanga wagolide").
Pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Rabindranath Tagore, yomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, musanakhale ndi mbiri yayifupi ya Tagore.
Mbiri ya Rabindranath Tagore
Rabindranath Tagore adabadwa pa Meyi 7, 1861 ku Calcutta (British India). Iye anakulira ndipo anakulira m'banja lolemera la eni minda, osangalala kutchuka. Wolemba ndakatulo anali womaliza kubadwa mwa ana a Debendranath Tagore ndi mkazi wake Sarada Devi.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Rabindranath ali ndi zaka 5, makolo ake adamutumiza ku Seminary ya Kummawa, ndipo pambuyo pake adasamukira ku Sukulu yotchedwa Normal School, yomwe idadziwika ndi maphunziro ochepa.
Chidwi cha Tagore mu ndakatulo chidadzutsidwa ali mwana. Ali ndi zaka 8, anali atayamba kale kulemba ndakatulo, komanso kuphunzira ntchito za olemba osiyanasiyana. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti abale ake nawonso anali ndi mphatso.
Mchimwene wake wamkulu anali masamu, wolemba ndakatulo komanso woimba, ndipo abale ake apakatikati adakhala oganiza bwino komanso olemba. Mwa njira, mphwake wa Rabindranath Tagore, Obonindranath, anali m'modzi mwa omwe adayambitsa sukulu yopanga utoto wamakono ku Bengali.
Kuphatikiza pa zomwe amakonda kuchita ndakatulo, wopambana mtsogolo wa Nobel adaphunzira mbiri, anatomy, geography, kupenta, komanso Sanskrit ndi Chingerezi. Ali mwana, adayenda miyezi ingapo ndi abambo ake. Ali paulendo, adapitiliza kudziphunzitsa.
Tagore Sr. adadzinenera Brahmanism, nthawi zambiri amayendera malo opatulika osiyanasiyana ku India. Rabindranath ali ndi zaka 14, amayi ake adamwalira.
Ndakatulo ndi sewero
Atabwerera kunyumba kuchokera kumaulendo, Rabindranath adachita chidwi kwambiri ndi kulemba. Ali ndi zaka 16, adalemba nkhani zazifupi zingapo ndi zisudzo, ndikulemba ndakatulo yake yoyamba pansi pa dzina labodza Bhanu simha.
Mutu wabanja adaumiriza kuti mwana wake akhale loya, chifukwa chake mu 1878 Rabindranath Tagore adalowa University of London, komwe adaphunzirira zamalamulo. Posakhalitsa anayamba kusakonda maphunziro achikhalidwe.
Izi zidapangitsa kuti mnyamatayo achoke kumanja, akumusankha kuti aziwerenga zolembalemba. Ku Britain, adawerenga ntchito za William Shakespeare, komanso adachita chidwi ndi zaluso zaku Britain.
Mu 1880 Tagore adabwerera ku Bengal, komwe adayamba kufalitsa ntchito zake. Osati ndakatulo zokha zomwe zidatuluka pansi pa cholembera chake, komanso nkhani, nkhani, zisudzo ndi mabuku. M'malemba ake, chidwi cha "mzimu waku Europe" chidatsatiridwa, zomwe zinali zochitika zatsopano m'mabuku a Brahmin.
Munthawi imeneyi ya mbiri yake, Rabindranath Tagore adakhala wolemba magulu awiri - "Nyimbo za Madzulo" ndi "Nyimbo za m'mawa", komanso buku "Chabi-O-Gan". Chaka chilichonse ntchito zake zochulukirapo zimasindikizidwa, chifukwa chake ntchito yama voliyumu atatu "Galpaguccha" idasindikizidwa, yomwe inali ndi ntchito 84.
M'mabuku ake, wolemba nthawi zambiri ankakhudza za umphawi, zomwe adaziwunikira kwambiri mumiyala yaying'ono "Hungry Stones" ndi "The Runaway", yofalitsidwa mu 1895.
Pofika nthawiyo, a Rabindranath anali atasindikiza kale ndakatulo yake yotchuka "Chithunzi cha Wokondedwa." Popita nthawi, zolemba ndakatulo ndi nyimbo zizisindikizidwa - "The Golden Boat" ndi "Moment" Kuyambira 1908 adagwira ntchito yopanga "Gitanjali" ("Sacrhetic Chants").
Ntchitoyi inali ndi mavesi opitilira 150 ofotokoza za ubale wapakati pa munthu ndi Mlengi. Chifukwa chakuti ndakatulozi zidalembedwa mchilankhulo chosavuta kumva, mizere yambiri yochokera kwa iwo idasinthidwa kukhala mawu ogwidwa.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti "Gitanjali" adatchuka kotero kuti adayamba kumasuliridwa ndikufalitsidwa ku Europe ndi America. Pa nthawiyo, mbiri ya anthu Rabindranath Tagore idayendera mayiko angapo aku Europe, komanso USA, Russia, China ndi Japan. Mu 1913 adauzidwa kuti adapambana Nobel Prize in Literature.
Chifukwa chake, Rabindranath anali woyamba ku Asia kulandira mphothoyi. Nthawi yomweyo, wopambana adapereka chindapusa chake kusukulu yake ku Santiniketan, yomwe pambuyo pake idzakhale yunivesite yoyamba yophunzira zaulere.
Mu 1915 Tagore adalandira mutu wankhondo, koma atatha zaka 4 adapereka - atapha anthu ku Amritsar. M'zaka zotsatira, adayesetsa kuphunzitsa anthu osauka.
M'zaka za m'ma 30, Rabindranath adadziwonetsa m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Kwa zaka zambiri za mbiri yake yolenga, adakhala wolemba ndakatulo mazana, nkhani zambiri ndi mabuku 8. M'ntchito zake, nthawi zambiri amakhudza mavuto aumphawi, moyo wakumidzi, kusalinganika pakati pa anthu, chipembedzo, ndi zina zambiri.
Malo apadera pantchito ya Tagore anali ndi ntchito "Ndakatulo Yotsiriza". Kumapeto kwa moyo wake, adayamba chidwi ndi sayansi. Zotsatira zake, wopambana mphoto ya Nobel adasindikiza zolemba zingapo mu biology, astronomy ndi physics.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti Rabindranath sanayanjane kwa nthawi yayitali ndi Einstein, yemwe adakambirana naye nkhani zosiyanasiyana zasayansi.
Nyimbo ndi zithunzi
Mhindu sanali wolemba waluso kokha. Kwa zaka zambiri, adalemba nyimbo pafupifupi 2,230, kuphatikiza nyimbo zachipembedzo. Zina mwamalemba a Rabindranath adayikidwapo nyimbo atamwalira wolemba.
Mwachitsanzo, mu 1950 nyimbo ya fuko la India idayikidwa mu ndakatulo ya Tagore, ndipo patatha zaka 20 mizere ya Amar Shonar Bangla idakhala nyimbo yovomerezeka mdziko la Bangladesh.
Kuphatikiza apo, Rabindranath anali waluso yemwe adalemba za zojambula za 2500. Ntchito zake zawonetsedwa kangapo ku India ndi mayiko ena. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti adagwiritsa ntchito masitayilo osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza kuwona zinthu zenizeni ndi chidwi.
Zojambula zake ndizosiyana ndi mitundu yosavomerezeka. Olemba mbiri ya a Tagore amati izi ndi khungu losawoneka bwino. Kawirikawiri ankajambula zithunzi pamatope molingana ndi zojambulajambula, zomwe zinali zotsatira za kukonda kwake sayansi yeniyeni.
Zochita pagulu
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka zatsopano, a Rabindranath Tagore ankakhala munyumba yapafupi ndi Calcutta, komwe anali kulemba, zandale komanso zochitika zina. Adatsegula pothawirapo amuna anzeru, omwe amaphatikizapo sukulu, laibulale komanso nyumba yopempherera.
Tagore adathandizira malingaliro a Tilak wosintha ndikupanga gulu la Swadeshi, lomwe limatsutsana ndi gawo la Bengal. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti sanayesetse kukwaniritsa cholingachi kudzera munkhondo, koma adakwaniritsa izi mwa kuwunikira anthu.
A Rabindranath adakweza ndalama zophunzitsira komwe anthu osauka amatha kulandira maphunziro aulere. M'zaka zomalizira za moyo wake, adadzutsa nkhani yogawika m'magulu, yomwe imagawaniza anthu potengera chikhalidwe chawo.
Chaka chimodzi asanamwalire, Tagore adakumana ndi a Mahatma Gandhi, mtsogoleri wachipani chodziyimira pawokha ku India, omwe njira zake sanavomereze. Munthawi imeneyi ya mbiri yake, amaphunzitsa mwakhama m'maiko osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza United States, pomwe adadzudzula kukonda dziko lako.
Rabindranath sanasangalale kwambiri ndi kuwukira kwa Hitler pa USSR. Adanenanso kuti nthawi ikadzakwana wolamulira mwankhanza ku Germany adzalandira chilango chifukwa cha zoyipa zonse zomwe adachita.
Moyo waumwini
Wolemba ndakatuloyu ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 22, adakwatirana ndi mtsikana wazaka 10 wotchedwa Mrinalini Devi, yemwenso amachokera ku banja la ma pirali brahmanas. Mgwirizanowu, banjali linali ndi ana 5, awiri mwa iwo omwe adamwalira ali mwana.
Pambuyo pake Tagore adayamba kuyang'anira malo akulu amabanja mdera la Shelaidakhi, komwe adasamutsira mkazi wake ndi ana ake zaka zingapo pambuyo pake. Nthawi zambiri amayenda mozungulira malo ake paboti yapayokha, amatenga ndalama komanso amalumikizana ndi anthu akumudzi omwe amakonza tchuthi pomupatsa ulemu.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za 20th, zovuta zingapo zidachitika mu mbiri ya Rabindranath. Mu 1902, mkazi wake adamwalira, ndipo chaka chotsatira mwana wake wamkazi ndi abambo ake adachoka. Patadutsa zaka zisanu, anamwaliranso mwana wina yemwe anamwalira ndi kolera.
Imfa
Zaka 4 asanamwalire, Tagore adayamba kudwala zowawa zomwe zidayamba kudwala. Mu 1937, anakomoka, koma madokotala anatha kupulumutsa moyo wake. Mu 1940, adayambanso kukomoka, pomwe sanayenerere kutuluka.
Rabindranath Tagore adamwalira pa Ogasiti 7, 1941 ali ndi zaka 80. Imfa yake inali tsoka lalikulu kwa anthu onse olankhula Chibengali, omwe adamulirira kwanthawi yayitali.
Chithunzi ndi Rabindranath Tagore
