Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck-Schönhausen, Mtsogoleri wa zu Lauenburg (1815-1898) - chancellor woyamba wa Ufumu waku Germany, yemwe adakwaniritsa njira yophatikizira Germany panjira yocheperako yaku Germany.
Atapuma pantchito, adalandira ulemu wosalandira cholowa cha Duke waku Lauenburg ndiudindo wa Prussian Colonel General wokhala ndi Field Marshal.
Pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Bismarck, yomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, musanakhale mbiri yayifupi ya Otto von Bismarck.
Mbiri ya Bismarck
Otto von Bismarck adabadwa pa Epulo 1, 1815 m'chigawo cha Brandenburg. Iye anali wa banja knightly, amene, ngakhale ankaona kuti wolemekezeka, sakanakhoza kudzitamandira chuma ndi malo.
Chancellor wamtsogolo adakulira m'banja la mwinimunda Ferdinand von Bismarck ndi mkazi wake Wilhelma Mencken. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti bambo anali wamkulu zaka 18 kuposa amayi ake. Kuphatikiza pa Otto, ana ena 5 adabadwa m'banja la Bismarck, atatu mwa iwo adamwalira ali mwana.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Bismarck ali ndi chaka chimodzi, iye ndi banja lake anasamukira ku Pomerania. Ubwana wake unali wovuta kumutcha wokondwa, chifukwa abambo ake nthawi zambiri ankamenya komanso kunyoza mwana wawo. Nthawi yomweyo, ubale pakati pa makolo nawonso sunali wabwino.
Achichepere komanso ophunzira Wilhelma sanapeze chidwi cholumikizana ndi amuna awo, omwe anali a cadet akumudzi. Kuphatikiza apo, mtsikanayo sanatchere kokwanira ana, chifukwa chake Otto sanamve chikondi cha amayi. Malinga ndi Bismarck, adadzimva ngati mlendo m'banjamo.
Mnyamatayo ali ndi zaka 7, adatumizidwa kukaphunzira kusukulu yomwe imayang'ana kwambiri pakukula kwa thupi. Komabe, kuphunzira sikunamusangalatse, komwe amangokhalira kudandaula kwa makolo ake. Patatha zaka 5, adapitiliza maphunziro ake kusukulu yochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi, komwe adaphunzirira zaka 3.
Ali ndi zaka 15, Otto von Bismarck adasamukira kumalo ena ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi, komwe adawonetsa kudziwa zambiri. Munthawi imeneyi ya mbiri yake, adaphunzira Chifalansa ndi Chijeremani, mosamala kwambiri powerenga zapamwamba.
Nthawi yomweyo, Bismarck amakonda ndale komanso mbiri yapadziko lonse lapansi. Pambuyo pake adalowa ku yunivesite, komwe sanaphunzire bwino.
Anapanga abwenzi ambiri, omwe adakhala moyo wosakhazikika nawo. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti adachita nawo ma duel 27, momwe adavulazidwa kamodzi kokha.
Pambuyo pake Otto adateteza zolemba zake mu filosofi pankhani yazandale. Pambuyo pake, adachita nawo zokambirana kwakanthawi.
Ntchito ndi usilikali
Mu 1837 Bismarck adapita kukatumikira ku gulu lankhondo la Greifswald. Patatha zaka 2, adauzidwa zakumwalira kwa amayi ake. Posakhalitsa iye ndi mchimwene wake adayamba kuyang'anira malo okhala banja.
Ngakhale anali wokwiya kwambiri, Otto anali ndi mbiri yokhala ngati mwini malo komanso kuwerenga. Kuchokera mu 1846 adagwira ntchito muofesi momwe adayang'anira madamu. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti amadziona ngati wokhulupirira, kutsatira ziphunzitso za Lutheran.
M'mawa uliwonse, Bismarck amayamba powerenga Baibulo, ndikusinkhasinkha zomwe adawerenga. Munthawi imeneyi ya mbiri yake, adayendera mayiko ambiri aku Europe. Pofika nthawi imeneyo, malingaliro ake andale anali atapangidwa kale.
Mwamunayo amafuna kukhala wandale, koma kutchuka kwa wokonda kupsa mtima komanso kuchita masewera achiwawa kunamulepheretsa kupititsa patsogolo ntchito yake. Mu 1847, Otto von Bismarck adasankhidwa kukhala wachiwiri wa United Landtag wa Prussian Kingdom. Zinali zitatha izi pomwe adayamba kukwera makwerero mwachangu.
Otsutsa komanso andale amateteza ufulu ndi ufulu. Komanso, Bismarck anali wothandizira malingaliro osasunthika. Omwe amagwirizana ndi mfumu ya Prussian adazindikira kuthekera kwake pakulankhula komanso kulingalira.
Poteteza ufulu wachifumu, Otto adakhala mumsasa wotsutsa. Posakhalitsa adakhazikitsa chipani cha Conservative Party, pozindikira kuti alibe njira yobwererera. Adalimbikitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa nyumba yamalamulo imodzi ndikugonjera oyang'anira.
Mu 1850, Bismarck adalowa nyumba yamalamulo ya Erfurt. Adatsutsa njira zandale, zomwe zingayambitse mkangano ndi Austria. Izi zinali chifukwa chakuti amamvetsetsa mphamvu zonse za aku Austrian. Pambuyo pake adakhala mtumiki ku Bundestag ku Frankfurt am Main.
Ngakhale anali ndi kazitape pang'ono, wandale adatha kuzolowera komanso kukhala katswiri m'munda wake. Pa nthawi yomweyi, adapeza maulamuliro ambiri pakati pa anthu komanso pakati pa anzawo.
Mu 1857 Otto von Bismarck adakhala kazembe wa Prussia ku Russia, atagwira ntchitoyi kwa zaka pafupifupi 5. Munthawi imeneyi, adaphunzira chilankhulo cha Chirasha ndipo adadziwa bwino chikhalidwe ndi miyambo yaku Russia. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti pambuyo pake Mjeremani adzanena mawu awa: "Pangani mgwirizano ndi aliyense, yambitsani nkhondo zilizonse, koma musakhudze anthu aku Russia."
Ubale pakati pa Bismarck ndi akuluakulu aku Russia udali pafupi kwambiri mpaka adapatsidwa udindo kukhothi la Emperor. Pokhala pampando wachifumu wa William I mu 1861, chochitika china chofunikira chidachitika mu mbiri ya Otto.
Chaka chomwecho, mavuto azamalamulo anakhudza Prussia pakati pa mkangano pakati pa amfumu ndi Landtag. Zipanizi zidalephera kupeza zokambirana pazandalama. Wilhelm adapempha thandizo kuchokera kwa Bismarck, yemwe panthawiyo anali kazembe ku France.
Ndale
Mikangano yayikulu pakati pa Wilhelm ndi omasula idathandizira Otto von Bismarck kukhala m'modzi mwa anthu odziwika kwambiri mdziko muno. Zotsatira zake, adapatsidwa udindo wa prime minister komanso nduna yakunja kuti athandize kukonzanso gulu lankhondo.
Zosinthazi sizinathandizidwe ndi otsutsa, omwe amadziwa za udindo wapamwamba wa Otto. Kulimbana pakati pa zipani kudayimitsidwa kwa zaka 3 chifukwa cha zipolowe zodziwika bwino ku Poland.
Bismarck adathandizira wolamulira waku Poland, chifukwa chake adadzetsa kusakhutira pakati pa osankhika aku Europe. Komabe, adalimbikitsanso mfumu ya Russia. Mu 1866, nkhondo idayamba ndi Austria, komanso magawidwe amadera aboma.
Kudzera mwaukadaulo waluso, Otto von Bismarck adatha kupempha thandizo ku Italy, yomwe idakhala mnzake wa Prussia. Kupambana pankhondo kunathandiza Bismarck kupeza ufulu pamaso pa anthu akwawo. Pambuyo pake, Austria idataya mphamvu zake ndipo sinakhalenso chiwopsezo kwa Ajeremani.
Mu 1867, mwamunayo adapanga North Germany Confederation, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti mayiko azigwirizana, ma duchies ndi maufumu. Zotsatira zake, Bismarck adakhala chancellor woyamba ku Germany. Adavomereza ufulu wa zisankho za Reichstag ndikupeza mphamvu zonse.
Mutu waku France, Napoleon III, sanakhutire ndi mgwirizano wamayiko, chifukwa chake adaganiza zosiya ntchitoyi mothandizidwa ndi zida zankhondo. Nkhondo inayambika pakati pa France ndi Prussia (1870-1871), yomwe idathera pakupambana koopsa kwa Ajeremani. Kuphatikiza apo, mfumu yaku France idalandidwa ndikugwidwa.
Izi ndi zina zidapangitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Ufumu Wachijeremani, Ulamuliro Wachiwiri, mu 1871, pomwe Wilhelm I adakhala Kaiser.
Munthawi imeneyi ya mbiri yake, von Bismarck adawongolera ndikuwopseza ku Social Democrats, komanso olamulira aku Austria ndi France. Chifukwa cha luso lake pandale, adamupatsa dzina loti "Iron Chancellor". Nthawi yomweyo, adaonetsetsa kuti palibe magulu ankhondo odana ndi Germany omwe adapangidwa ku Europe.
Boma la Germany silimamvetsetsa nthawi zonse zochita za Otto, chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amakwiyitsa anzawo. Atsogoleri andale ambiri aku Germany adayesetsa kukulitsa gawo ladziko kudzera munkhondo, pomwe Bismarck sanali wotsatira mfundo za atsamunda.
Achinyamata anzawo ku Iron Chancellor amafuna mphamvu zochuluka momwe angathere. M'malo mwake, samachita chidwi ndi umodzi wa Ufumu waku Germany, koma kulamulira padziko lonse lapansi. Zotsatira zake, 1888 adakhala "chaka cha mafumu atatu".
Wilhelm I ndi mwana wake wamwamuna Frederick III anamwalira: woyamba kuchokera kuukalamba, ndipo wachiwiri ndi khansa yapakhosi. Wilhelm II adakhala mtsogoleri watsopano mdzikolo. Munali munthawi yaulamuliro wake pomwe Germany idatulutsa Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse (1914-1918).
Monga mbiri idzawonetsera, nkhondoyi idzawononga ufumu womwe waphatikizidwa ndi Bismarck. Mu 1890, wandale wazaka 75 adasiya ntchito. Posakhalitsa, France ndi Russia zidalumikizana ndi Britain kulimbana ndi Germany.
Moyo waumwini
Otto von Bismarck adakwatirana ndi wolemekezeka dzina lake Johann von Puttkamer. Olemba mbiri andale akuti ukwatiwo udakhala wolimba kwambiri komanso wosangalala. Banjali linali ndi mwana wamkazi, Maria, ndi ana amuna awiri, Herbert ndi Wilhelm.
Johanna adathandizira kuti mwamuna wake achite bwino ntchito. Ena amakhulupirira kuti mkaziyo anachita mbali yofunikira mu Ufumu wa Germany. Otto anakhala mkazi wabwino, ngakhale kuti anali ndi chibwenzi chochepa ndi Ekaterina Trubetskoy.
Wandaleyo anali ndi chidwi chokwera pamahatchi, komanso chizolowezi chachilendo - kusonkhanitsa ma thermometers.
Imfa
Zaka zomaliza za moyo wake Bismarck adachita bwino komanso kuzindikira pakati pa anthu. Atapuma pantchito, adapatsidwa dzina la Duke of Lauenburg, ngakhale sanagwiritsepo ntchito pazolinga zake. Nthawi ndi nthawi amafalitsa nkhani zotsutsa machitidwe andale m'boma.
Imfa ya mkazi wake mu 1894 inali yopweteka kwambiri kwa Iron Chancellor. Patatha zaka 4 mkazi wake atamwalira, thanzi lake lidakula kwambiri. Otto von Bismarck anamwalira pa Julayi 30, 1898 ali ndi zaka 83.
Zithunzi za Bismarck
