Johann Strauss

Johann Baptiste Strauss 2 (1825-1899) - Wolemba nyimbo ku Austria, woimba komanso woyimba zeze, wodziwika kuti "mfumu ya waltz", wolemba zovina zingapo komanso ma opereta angapo odziwika.

Pali zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Strauss, yomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.

Chifukwa chake, nayi mbiri yayifupi ya Johann Strauss.

Strauss mbiri

Johann Strauss adabadwa pa Okutobala 25, 1825 ku Vienna, likulu la Austria. Iye anakula ndipo anakulira m'banja la wolemba nyimbo wotchuka Johann Strauss Sr. ndi mkazi wake Anna.

"Waltz king" anali ndi abale awiri - Joseph ndi Edward, amenenso adakhala olemba nyimbo otchuka.

Ubwana ndi unyamata

Johann adatenga nyimbo adakali aang'ono. Poonera zomwe abambo ake ankachita nthawi yayitali, mnyamatayo adafunanso kukhala woimba wotchuka.

Komabe, mutu wabanjali adatsutsana mwamphamvu ndi aliyense wamwamuna yemwe amatsatira. Mwachitsanzo, analimbikitsa Johann kuti akhale banki. Pachifukwa ichi, Strauss Sr. ataona mwana ali ndi vayolini m'manja mwake, adakwiya.

Chifukwa cha kuyesetsa kwa amayi ake, Johann adatha kuphunzira mobisa kuimba zeze kuchokera kwa abambo ake. Pali nkhani yodziwika pomwe mutu wabanja, mokwiya, adakwapula mwana, akunena kuti "amumenyera nyimbo" kamodzi. Posakhalitsa adatumiza mwana wake ku Higher Commerce School, ndipo madzulo adamupangitsa kuti azigwira ntchito yowerengera ndalama.

Strauss ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 19, adamaliza maphunziro ake a nyimbo kuchokera kwa aphunzitsi aluso. Kenako aphunzitsiwo adampatsa kuti agule laisensi yoyenera.

Atafika kunyumba, mnyamatayo adauza amayi ake kuti akufuna kukapempha chiphaso kwa woweruza, ndikupatsa ufulu woimba gulu la oimba. Mayiyo poopa kuti mwamuna wake angaletse Johann kukwaniritsa cholinga chake, adaganiza zomusudzula. Adatinso za chisudzulo chake ndikuperekedwa mobwerezabwereza kwa amuna awo, zomwe zinali zowona.

Pobwezera, Strauss Sr. adalanda ana onse obadwa kwa Anna cholowa. Adalemba chuma chonsecho kwa ana awo apathengo, omwe adabadwa kwa mbuye wawo Emilia Trumbush.

Atangothetsa chibwenzi ndi Anna, mwamunayo adasaina ndi Emilia. Ndi nthawi imeneyo, anali kale ndi ana 7.

Abambo ake atasiya banja, a Johann Strauss Jr. pamapeto pake adatha kuyang'ana kwambiri nyimbo. Pomwe zipolowe zosintha zidayamba mdzikolo m'ma 1840, adalowa nawo a Habsburgs, ndikulemba Marichi a Insurgents (Marseillaise Vienna).

Atapondereza kuwukirako, a Johann adamangidwa ndikuweruzidwa. Komabe, khotilo linagamula kuti amasule mnyamatayo. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti abambo ake, m'malo mwake, adathandizira amfumu polemba "Radetzky's Marichi".

Ndipo ngakhale panali ubale wovuta kwambiri pakati pa mwanayo ndi bambo ake, Strauss Jr. amalemekeza kholo lake. Atamwalira ndi matenda ofiira ofiira mu 1849, Johann adalemba "Aeolian Sonata" wa waltz pomupatsa ulemu, ndipo pambuyo pake, ndi ndalama zake, adafalitsa zolemba za abambo ake.

Nyimbo

Ali ndi zaka 19, a Johann Strauss adakwanitsa kupanga gulu laling'ono la oimba, lomwe adachita bwino nawo m'modzi mwa makaseti aku likulu. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti ataphunzira za izi, a Strauss Sr. adayamba kuyika mawu pamawaya a mwana wawo.

Mwamunayo adagwiritsa ntchito kulumikizana kwake konse kuti ateteze mwana wake kuti azisewera m'malo opambana, kuphatikiza mipira yamakhothi. Koma, mosiyana ndi zoyesayesa za bambo wa aluso a Strauss Jr., adasankhidwa kukhala woyang'anira gulu lankhondo la gulu lachiwiri lankhondo lankhondo (abambo ake adatsogolera gulu loimba la gulu la 1).

Pambuyo pa imfa ya Johann Wamkulu, Strauss, atagwirizanitsa magulu oimba, adapita ku Austria ndi mayiko ena aku Europe. Kulikonse komwe ankasewera, omvera nthawi zonse ankamupatsa ulemu.

Pofuna kupambana Emperor Franz Joseph 1, woimbayo adadzipereka kwa iye maulendo awiri. Mosiyana ndi abambo ake, Strauss sanali munthu wansanje komanso wonyada. M'malo mwake, adathandizira abale kupanga ntchito yoimba powatumiza kukachita nawo zochitika zina.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti pomwe a Johann Strauss adalankhula mawu awa: "Abale ali ndi luso kuposa ine, ndimangotchuka kwambiri". Anali ndi mphatso kotero kuti, m'mawu ake omwe, nyimbo "zimatsanulidwa mwa iye ngati madzi apampopi."

Strauss amadziwika kuti ndiye kholo la Viennese waltz, lomwe lili ndi mawu oyamba, zomangamanga 4-5 zomaliza komanso zomaliza. Kwazaka zambiri za mbiri yake yolenga, adalemba ma waltz 168, ambiri mwa iwo omwe akuchitikabe m'malo akulu kwambiri padziko lapansi.

Kukula kwa luso la wolemba kunabwera kumapeto kwa 1860-1870. Nthawi imeneyo adalemba ma waltz ake abwino kwambiri, kuphatikiza pa On the Blue Blue Danube ndi Tales kuchokera ku Vienna Woods. Pambuyo pake aganiza zosiya ntchito yake kukhothi, ndikupereka mchimwene wake Edward.

M'zaka za m'ma 1870, anthu aku Austria adayenda kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, pomwe anali kusewera pa Phwando la Boston, adalemba mbiri yapadziko lonse lapansi mwakutha kuyimba gulu la oimba, omwe onse adapitilira oyimba 1000!

Panthawiyo, Strauss adatengedwa ndi opereta, ndipo adakhalanso woyambitsa mtundu wina wakale. Kwa zaka zambiri za mbiri yake, a Johann Strauss adapanga ntchito 496:

Zilonda - 168;
mitengo - 117;
kuvina kwapakati - 73;
kuguba - 43;
mazurkas - 31;
opereta - 15;
1 comic opera ndi 1 ballet.

Wolemba nyimboyo adatha kukweza nyimbo zovina mokweza modabwitsa.

Moyo waumwini

Johann Strauss adayendera Russia kwa nyengo 10. Mdziko lino, adakumana ndi Olga Smirnitskaya, yemwe adayamba kumusamalira ndikumufuna.

Komabe, makolo a mtsikanayo sanafune kukwatira mwana wawo wamkazi kwa mlendo. Pambuyo pake, Johann atazindikira kuti wokondedwa wake adakhala mkazi wa wamkulu waku Russia a Alexander Lozinsky, adakwatirana ndi woimba wa opera Yetti Chalupetskaya.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti pomwe amakumana, Khalupetskaya anali ndi ana asanu ndi awiri kuchokera kwa amuna osiyanasiyana omwe adabereka kunja kwa banja. Komanso, mkaziyo anali wamkulu zaka 7 kuposa mwamuna wake.

Komabe, ukwati uwu unali wosangalatsa. Yetty anali mkazi wokhulupirika komanso bwenzi lenileni, chifukwa chake Strauss amatha kupitiliza kugwira bwino ntchito yake.

Atamwalira a Chalupetskaya mu 1878, aku Austrian adakwatirana ndi wojambula wachichepere waku Germany Angelica Dietrich. Ukwatiwu watenga zaka 5, kenako banjali adaganiza zosiya. Kenako Johann Strauss adatsika kanjira kachitatu.

Wokondedwa watsopano wa wolemba anali Myuda Wamasiye Adele Deutsch, yemwe kale anali mkazi wa banki. Chifukwa cha mkazi wake, mwamunayo anavomera kutembenukira ku chikhulupiriro china, kusiya Chikatolika ndikusankha Chiprotestanti, komanso kulandira nzika zaku Germany.

Ngakhale Strauss adakwatirana katatu, analibe ana mwa onsewa.

Imfa

M'zaka zaposachedwa, a Johann Strauss adakana kuyendera ndipo pafupifupi sanachoke kwawo. Komabe, pamwambo wokumbukira zaka 25 za operetta The Bat, adakakamizidwa kuti aziimba.

Mwamunayo anatentha kwambiri kotero kuti anatenga chimfine chachikulu pobwerera kunyumba. Posachedwa, kuzizira kunasanduka chibayo, komwe wolemba nyimbo wamkulu adamwalira. Johann Strauss anamwalira pa June 3, 1899 ali ndi zaka 73.