Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) - Wafilosofi waku Franco-Switzerland, wolemba komanso woganiza za Chidziwitso. Woimira wowala kwambiri wa malingaliro.

Rousseau amatchedwa kalambulabwalo wa French Revolution. Adalalikira "kubwerera ku chilengedwe" ndipo adapempha kuti pakhale kufanana kwathunthu.

Pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Jean-Jacques Rousseau, yomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.

Chifukwa chake, musanakhale ndi mbiri yayifupi ya Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

Mbiri ya Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Jean-Jacques Rousseau adabadwa pa June 28, 1712 ku Geneva. Amayi ake, Suzanne Bernard, adamwalira pobereka, chifukwa chomwe abambo ake a Isaac Russo adachita nawo polera wafilosofi wamtsogolo. Mutu wabanja adagwira ntchito yopanga mawotchi komanso aphunzitsi ovina.

Ubwana ndi unyamata

Mwana wokondedwa wa Isaac anali a Jean-Jacques, ndichifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amakhala nawo nthawi yopumula. Pamodzi ndi mwana wake wamwamuna, bambo ake adaphunzira buku laubusa lolembedwa ndi Honoré d'Urfe "Astrea", lomwe limawerengedwa ngati chipilala chachikulu kwambiri cholemba molondola m'zaka za zana la 17.

Kuphatikiza apo, ankakonda kuwerenga mbiri ya anthu akale monga momwe Plutarch adafotokozera. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti akudziyerekeza ngati ngwazi yakale yachi Roma Scovola, Jean-Jacques adatentha dala dzanja lake.

Chifukwa choukira munthu, a Russo Sr. adakakamizidwa kuthawa mzindawo. Zotsatira zake, amalume a amayi awo adakulira mnyamatayo.

A Jean-Jacques ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 11, adatumizidwa kunyumba yogona ya Apulotesitanti a Lambercier, komwe adakhala pafupifupi chaka chimodzi. Pambuyo pake, adaphunzira ndi notary, kenako ndikulemba. Munthawi imeneyi ya mbiri yake, Russo adadzipereka kwambiri pakuwerenga, kuwerenga mabuku tsiku lililonse.

Mnyamatayo akawerenga ngakhale nthawi yogwira ntchito, nthawi zambiri amamuchitira nkhanza. Malinga ndi a Jean-Jacques, izi zidapangitsa kuti aphunzire chinyengo, kunama komanso kuba zinthu zosiyanasiyana.

M'ngululu ya 1728, wazaka 16 Rousseau adaganiza zothawa ku Geneva. Posakhalitsa adakumana ndi wansembe wachikatolika yemwe adamulimbikitsa kuti asinthe Chikatolika. Anakhala pafupifupi miyezi inayi ali mkati mwa nyumba ya amonke, komwe otembenukira amaphunzitsidwa.

Kenako Jean-Jacques Rousseau adayamba kugwira ntchito ngati lackey m'banja lolemera, komwe amamuchitira ulemu. Komanso, mwana wamwamuna wa chiwerengero anamuphunzitsa Chiitaliya ndipo anaphunzira naye ndakatulo za Virgil.

Popita nthawi, a Russo adakhazikika ndi Akazi a Varane azaka 30, omwe adawatcha "amayi" awo. Mkazi anamuphunzitsa kulemba ndi ulemu. Kuphatikiza apo, adamupangira kuti apite ku seminare, kenako adamupatsa kuti aphunzire kusewera limba kwa woyimba m'modzi.

Pambuyo pake a Jean-Jacques Rousseau adadutsa Switzerland kwazaka zopitilira 2, akukumana ndi mavuto azachuma. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti adayendayenda pamapazi ndikugona pamsewu, akusangalala ndi chilengedwe.

Filosofi ndi Zolemba

Asanakhale wafilosofi, Rousseau anali ndi nthawi yogwira ntchito ya mlembi komanso wophunzitsa kunyumba. M'zaka za mbiri yake, adayamba kuwonetsa zisonyezo zoyambirira za misanthropy - kupatukana ndi anthu komanso kudana nawo.

Mnyamatayo ankakonda kudzuka m'mawa kwambiri, kugwira ntchito m'munda, ndikuwona nyama, mbalame ndi tizilombo.

Posakhalitsa a Jean-Jacques adachita chidwi ndi zolemba, ndikulalikira malingaliro ake amoyo wonse. M'mabuku monga The Social Contract, New Eloise ndi Emile, adayesetsa kufotokozera owerenga chifukwa chake pakhale kusiyana pakati pa anthu.

Rousseau anali woyamba kuyesa kudziwa ngati pali njira yogwirizira boma. Ananenanso kuti malamulo akuyenera kuteteza nzika ku boma, lomwe lilibe ufulu woliphwanya. Kuphatikiza apo, adalangiza kuti anthu nawonso atenge ngongole, zomwe zimawathandiza kuwongolera machitidwe a akuluakulu.

Malingaliro a a Jean-Jacques Rousseau adadzetsa masinthidwe akulu m'boma. Ma Referendamu adayamba kuchitidwa, mphamvu zanyumba yamalamulo zidachepetsedwa, zoyeserera zamalamulo za anthu zidakhazikitsidwa, ndi zina zambiri.

Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri za wafilosofi amadziwika kuti "New Eloise". Wolemba yekha anatcha bukuli ntchito yabwino kwambiri yopangidwa mu mtundu wa epistolary. Ntchitoyi inali ndi makalata 163 ndipo analandiridwa mosangalala ku France. Zinali zitatha izi pomwe a Jean-Jacques adayamba kutchedwa bambo wa zachikondi mu filosofi.

Pomwe amakhala ku France, adakumana ndi anthu otchuka monga Paul Holbach, Denis Diderot, Jean d'Alembert, Grimm ndi ena otchuka.

Mu 1749, ali m'ndende, Rousseau anakumana ndi mpikisano womwe unafotokozedwa m'nyuzipepala. Mutu wa mpikisanowu udawoneka kuti umamuyandikira kwambiri ndipo umamveka motere: "Kodi chitukuko cha sayansi ndi zaluso chidathandizira kuwonongeka kwamakhalidwe kapena, m'malo mwake, zidawathandiza kuti asinthe?"

Izi zidalimbikitsa Jean-Jacques kulemba zolemba zatsopano. Opera The Village Wizard (1753) idamubweretsera kutchuka kwakukulu. Nyimbo ndi kuya kwa nyimbozo zidawululira moyo wam'mudzimo. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti Louis 15 iyemwini adasokoneza malingaliro a Coletta kuchokera pa opera iyi.

Nthawi yomweyo, "Wamatsenga Wam'mudzi", ngati "Kukambitsirana", adabweretsa zovuta zambiri pamoyo wa Rousseau. Grimm ndi Holbach adalankhula zoyipa za ntchito ya wafilosofi. Anamunena kuti ndi demokalase ya plebeian yomwe ilipo pantchitoyi.

Olemba mbiri yakale adaphunzira mwachidwi kulengedwa kwa mbiri ya a Jean-Jacques Rousseau - "Confession". Wolemba adalankhula mosapita m'mbali za mphamvu ndi zofooka za umunthu wake, zomwe zidakopa owerenga.

Kuphunzitsa

A Jean-Jacques Rousseau adalimbikitsa chithunzi cha munthu wachilengedwe yemwe samatengera chikhalidwe cha anthu. Anati kulera kumakhudza makamaka kukula kwa mwana. Adafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane malingaliro ake ophunzitsira m'kabuku kakuti "Emil, kapena On Education".

Dongosolo lamaphunziro la nthawi imeneyo lidatsutsidwa mobwerezabwereza ndi woganiza. Makamaka, adalankhula zoyipa ponena kuti likulu la maphunziro ndi miyambo ndi chipembedzo, osati demokalase.

Rousseau ananena kuti, choyambirira, ndikofunikira kuthandiza mwana kukulitsa maluso ake achilengedwe, powona izi ngati chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pamaphunziro. Ananenanso kuti kuyambira kubadwa kufikira imfa, munthu amawululira mosiyanasiyana mikhalidwe yatsopano mwa iye ndikusintha malingaliro ake.

Zotsatira zake, boma liyenera kukhazikitsa mapulogalamu, kutengera izi. Mkhristu wolungama komanso munthu womvera malamulo sizomwe munthu amafunikira. Rousseau amakhulupirira mowona mtima kuti pali oponderezedwa ndi opondereza, osati dziko lakwawo kapena nzika.

A Jean-Jacques adalimbikitsa abambo ndi amayi kuti aziphunzitsa ana kugwira ntchito, kukulitsa ulemu komanso kuyesetsa kudziyimira pawokha. Nthawi yomweyo, munthu sayenera kutsatira zomwe mwana akutsogolera akayamba kukhala wopanda nzeru ndikulimbikira zake.

Achinyamata omwe amayenera kudzimva kuti ali ndi udindo pazomwe amachita komanso amakonda ntchito sayeneranso kusamalidwa. Chifukwa cha izi, adzatha kudzidyetsa okha mtsogolo. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti pansi pa maphunziro antchito, wafilosofi amatanthauzanso kukulitsa kwamakhalidwe, kwamakhalidwe ndi thupi.

A Jean-Jacques Rousseau adalangiza kukhomereza mikhalidwe ina mwa mwana yomwe imafanana ndi gawo lina lakukula kwake. Mpaka zaka ziwiri - kukula kwakuthupi, kuyambira 2 mpaka 12 - zakuthupi, kuyambira 12 mpaka 15 - waluntha, kuyambira zaka 15 mpaka 18 - zamakhalidwe.

Mitu ya mabanja amayenera kukhala oleza mtima ndi opirira, koma nthawi yomweyo "samasokoneza" mwanayo, akumuphunzitsira malingaliro olakwika amtundu wamakono. Kuti thanzi la ana likhale lolimba, ayenera kulimbikitsidwa kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi komanso kupsa mtima.

Paunyamata, munthu ayenera kuphunzira za dziko lomwe lamuzungulira mothandizidwa ndi mphamvu, osati powerenga mabuku. Kuwerenga kuli ndi maubwino ena, koma m'badwo uno zidzapangitsa kuti wolemba ayambe kuganiza za wachinyamata, osati iye yekha.

Zotsatira zake, munthuyo sangakwanitse kukulitsa malingaliro ake ndipo ayamba kutenga chikhulupiriro chilichonse chomwe amve kuchokera panja. Kuti mwana akhale wanzeru, makolo kapena omusamalira ayenera kupanga chidaliro naye. Akapambana, mnyamatayo kapena mtsikanayo adzafunsanso mafunso ndikufotokozera zomwe akumana nazo.

Mwa maphunziro ofunikira kwambiri omwe ana ayenera kuphunzira, Rousseau adasankha: geography, biology, chemistry ndi physics. Munthawi yakusintha, munthu amakhala wokonda kumva bwino kwambiri, motero makolo sayenera kuchita mopitilira muyeso, koma amayesetsa kuphunzitsa ana kukhala achikhalidwe.

Mnyamata kapena msungwana akafika zaka 20, amayenera kuphunzitsidwa za mayanjano. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti atsikana gawo ili silinali lofunikira. Zolinga zapagulu zimapangidwa makamaka kwa amuna.

Mwa maphunziro, malingaliro a Jean-Jacques Rousseau adasandulika, chifukwa chake boma lidawona ngati owopsa pagulu. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti ntchito "Emil, kapena On Education" idawotchedwa, ndipo wolemba wake adalamulidwa kuti amangidwe.

Chifukwa changozi, Rousseau adatha kuthawira ku Switzerland. Komabe, malingaliro ake adakhudza kwambiri njira zophunzitsira za nthawi imeneyo.

Moyo waumwini

Mkazi wa a Jean-Jacques anali Teresa Levasseur, yemwe anali wantchito ku hotelo ina ku Paris. Iye anachokera ku banja la osauka ndipo, mosiyana ndi mwamuna wake, sanali osiyana nzeru wapadera ndi luso. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, samatha kudziwa nthawi.

Rousseau ananena poyera kuti sanakonde Teresa, atamukwatira kokha atakhala zaka 20 ali m'banja.

Malinga ndi mwamunayo, anali ndi ana asanu, onsewa amawatumiza kumalo osungira ana amasiye. A Jean-Jacques adalungamitsa izi poti analibe ndalama zodyetsa ana, chifukwa chake samamulola kuti azigwira ntchito mwamtendere.

Rousseau adaonjezeranso kuti amakonda kukhala ndi ana wamba, m'malo mofunafuna omwe anali iye. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti palibe zowona kuti anali ndi ana.

Imfa

A Jean-Jacques Rousseau adamwalira pa Julayi 2, 1778 ali ndi zaka 66 mdziko lokhalamo Chateau d'Hermenonville. Mnzake wapamtima, a Marquis de Girardin, adabwera kuno mu 1777, yemwe amafuna kukonza thanzi la woganiza.

Chifukwa chake, a marquis adakonza konsati pachilumba chomwe chili pakiyi. Russo adakonda malowa kwambiri kotero adapempha mnzake kuti amuike pano.

Munthawi ya French Revolution, zotsalira za a Jean-Jacques Rousseau zidasamukira ku Pantheon. Koma zaka 20 pambuyo pake, otentheka awiri adaba phulusa lake ndikuwaponya mu dzenje la laimu.