Jacques-Yves Cousteau, yemwenso amadziwika kuti Kaputeni Cousteau (1910-1997) - Wofufuza waku France wa World Ocean, wojambula zithunzi, director, inventor, wolemba mabuku ndi makanema ambiri. Iye anali membala wa French Academy. Mtsogoleri wa Legion of Honor. Pamodzi ndi Emil Ganyan mu 1943, adapanga zida zosambira.
Pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Cousteau, yomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, patsogolo panu pali mbiri yayifupi ya Jacques-Yves Cousteau.
Mbiri ya Cousteau
Jacques-Yves Cousteau adabadwa pa June 11, 1910 mumzinda waku France wa Bordeaux. Anakulira m'banja la loya lolemera Daniel Cousteau ndi mkazi wake Elizabeth.
Mwa njira, bambo wa wofufuza mtsogolo anali dokotala wachichepere kwambiri mdziko muno. Kuphatikiza pa Jacques-Yves, mnyamatayo Pierre-Antoine adabadwira m'banja la Cousteau.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Mu nthawi yawo yaulere, banja la Cousteau limakonda kuyenda padziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale ali mwana, a Jacques-Yves adatengeka ndi gawo lamadzi. Ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 7, madokotala adamupatsa matenda okhumudwitsa - matenda opatsirana, omwe mnyamatayo adakhalabe wowonda moyo wawo wonse.
Madokotala anachenjeza makolo kuti chifukwa cha matenda ake, a Jacques-Yves sayenera kukhala opsinjika kwambiri. Nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse itatha (1914-1918), banja lawo lidakhala kwakanthawi ku New York.
Munthawi imeneyi ya mbiri yake, mwanayo adayamba chidwi ndi umakaniko ndi kapangidwe kake, komanso, pamodzi ndi mchimwene wake, adamira m'madzi kwa nthawi yoyamba m'moyo wake. Mu 1922 banja la Cousteau lidabwerera ku France. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti mwana wazaka 13 pano pano adapanga magalimoto amagetsi.
Pambuyo pake, adakwanitsa kugula kanema wamakanema ndi ndalama zomwe adasunga, zomwe adajambula zochitika zosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa cha chidwi chake, a Jacques-Yves sanatenge nthawi yochuluka kusukulu, chifukwa chake sanachite bwino pamaphunziro.
Patapita nthawi, makolo anaganiza zotumiza mwana wawo ku sukulu yapadera yogonera komweko. Chodabwitsa ndichakuti mnyamatayo adatha kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro ake bwino kotero kuti adamaliza maphunziro awo pasukulu yogona komwe amakhala ndi masitepe apamwamba pamipingo yonse.
Mu 1930, a Jacques-Yves Cousteau adalowa maphunziro apanyanja. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti adaphunzira pagulu lomwe linali loyamba kuyenda padziko lonse lapansi. Tsiku lina adawona zikopa zosambira pamasitolo, zomwe nthawi yomweyo adaganiza zogula.
Atadumphira m'madzi ndi magalasi, a Jacques-Yves adadziwuza okha kuti kuyambira nthawi imeneyo moyo wake uzingogwirizana ndi dziko lapansi m'madzi.
Kafukufuku wam'madzi
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 50 zapitazo, Cousteau adachita lendi woyendetsa migodi wotchedwa Calypso. Pa sitimayo, adakonzekera kuchita maphunziro angapo apanyanja. Kutchuka padziko lonse lapansi kunagwera pa wasayansi wachinyamata ku 1953 atatulutsa buku la "In the world of silence".
Posakhalitsa, potengera ntchitoyi, kanema wasayansi wa dzina lomweli adawomberedwa, yemwe adapambana Oscar ndi Golden Palm mu 1956.
Mu 1957, a Jacques-Yves Cousteau adayang'aniridwa ndi oyang'anira Museum ya Oceanographic ku Monaco. Pambuyo pake, makanema monga "The Golden Fish" ndi "The World without the Sun" adajambulidwa, omwe sanasangalale chimodzimodzi ndi omvera.
Mu theka lachiwiri la ma 60s, mndandanda wotchuka "The Underwater Odyssey of the Cousteau Team" udayamba kuwonetsedwa, womwe udafalitsidwa m'maiko ambiri mzaka 20 zikubwerazi. Pafupifupi pafupifupi magawo 50 anawomberedwa, omwe amaperekedwa kwa nyama zam'madzi, nkhalango zamchere, matupi akulu amadzi padziko lapansi, zombo zouluka ndi zinsinsi zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe.
M'zaka za m'ma 70, a Jacques-Yves adapita ndiulendo wopita ku Antarctica. Panasankhidwa makanema 4 ang'onoang'ono omwe amafotokoza za moyo ndi madera amderali. Nthawi yomweyo, wofufuzirayo adayambitsa Cousteau Society for Conservation of the Marine Environment.
Kuphatikiza pa "The Underwater Odyssey", Cousteau adawombera zingapo zosangalatsa zasayansi, kuphatikiza "Oasis mu Space", "Adventures ku St. America", "Amazon" ndi ena. Mafilimuwa adachita bwino kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
Analoleza anthu kuti awone ufumu wapansi pamadzi wokhala nawo m'madzi kwa nthawi yoyamba mwatsatanetsatane. Anthu owonerera anaonerera anthu ena osuta mopanda mantha akusambira m'mbali mwa nsombazi ndi nyama zina. Komabe, a Jacques-Yves nthawi zambiri amadzudzulidwa chifukwa chokhala asayansi komanso ankhanza posodza.
Malinga ndi mnzake wa a Captain Cousteau, a Wolfgang Auer, nthawi zambiri nsombazo zimaphedwa mwankhanza kuti owombetsawo awombere zida zabwino.
Nkhani yosangalatsayi ya anthu omwe amasiya bathyscaphe kupita muubweya wamlengalenga wopangidwa m'phanga lamadzi akudziwikanso. Akatswiri anena kuti m'mapanga ngati amenewa, mpweya samapuma. Ndipo komabe, akatswiri ambiri amalankhula za Mfalansa ngati wokonda zachilengedwe.
Zopanga
Poyamba, a Captain Cousteau adalowerera m'madzi pogwiritsa ntchito chigoba chokha komanso chowombera pansi, koma zida izi sizimamulola kuti afufuze bwino zaufumu wamadzi.
Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 30, a Jacques-Yves, komanso a Emile Gagnan, adayamba kupanga aqualung yomwe imalola kupuma mozama kwambiri. Chakumapeto kwa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse (1939-1945), adapanga chida choyamba chopumira m'madzi.
Pambuyo pake, pogwiritsa ntchito zida zosambira, Cousteau adatsikira bwino mpaka kufika mamita 60! Chosangalatsa ndichakuti mu 2014 a Aigupto a Ahmed Gabr adakhazikitsa mbiri yapadziko lonse lapansi yolowera m'madzi akuya mpaka 332 mita!
Ndi chifukwa cha kuyesetsa kwa Cousteau ndi Gagnan kuti lero mamiliyoni a anthu atha kupita kukasambira, kukafufuza kuya kwa nyanja. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti Mfalansa adatulutsanso kamera yamafilimu yopanda madzi ndi chida chowunikira, komanso adapanga pulogalamu yoyamba yawayilesi yakanema yomwe imalola kuwombera mozama kwambiri.
Jacques-Yves Cousteau ndiye mlembi wa chiphunzitsochi omwe porpoises amakhala ndi echolocation, yomwe imawathandiza kupeza njira yolondola kwambiri mtunda wautali. Pambuyo pake, chiphunzitsochi chidatsimikiziridwa ndi sayansi.
Ndiyamika mabuku ake otchuka sayansi ndi mafilimu, Cousteau anakhala woyambitsa wa otchedwa divulgationism - njira yolankhulirana zasayansi, ndiko kusinthana kwa malingaliro pakati pa akatswiri ndi omvera achidwi a anthu wamba. Tsopano mapulogalamu onse amakono a TV amamangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo uwu.
Moyo waumwini
Mkazi woyamba wa Cousteau anali Simone Melchior, yemwe anali mwana wamkazi wa kazembe wotchuka waku France. Msungwanayo adatenga nawo gawo pamaulendo ambiri amwamuna wake. Muukwatiwu, banjali linali ndi ana amuna awiri - Jean-Michel ndi Philippe.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti Philippe Cousteau adamwalira mu 1979 chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa ndege ku Catalina. Vutoli lidasiyanitsa a Jacques-Yves ndi Simone. Adayamba kukhala padera, kupitiliza kukhala amuna ndi akazi.
Mkazi wa Cousteau atamwalira ndi khansa mu 1991, adakwatiranso ndi a Francine Triplet, omwe adakhala nawo zaka zopitilira 10 ndikulera ana wamba - Diana ndi Pierre-Yves.
Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti pambuyo pake a Jacques-Yves adasokonekera ubale ndi mwana wawo woyamba Jean-Michel, popeza sanakhululukire abambo ake chifukwa cha zachikondi komanso ukwati ndi Triplet. Zinthu zidapita patali kotero kuti wopanga milandu kukhothi adaletsa mwana wake kugwiritsa ntchito dzina la Cousteau pazogulitsa.
Imfa
Jacques-Yves Cousteau anamwalira pa June 25, 1997 kuchokera ku infarction ya myocardial ali ndi zaka 87. Cousteau Society ndi mnzake waku France "Cousteau Command" akupitilizabe kugwira ntchito mpaka pano.
Zithunzi za Cousteau
