Garry Kimovich Kasparov (dzina lakubadwa Weinstein; mtundu. 1963) - wosewera wa chess waku Soviet ndi Russia, mtsogoleri wa chess wapadziko lonse wa 13, wolemba chess komanso wandale, omwe nthawi zambiri amadziwika kuti ndi wosewera wamkulu kwambiri mu chess. International Grandmaster ndi Wolemekezeka Master of Sports wa USSR, ngwazi ya USSR (1981, 1988) ndi ngwazi ya Russia (2004).
Opambana eyiti pa World Chess Olympiads. Wopambana wa 11 chess "Oscars" (mphotho za wosewera wabwino kwambiri wa chess pachaka).
Mu 1999, Garry Kasparov adakwaniritsa mbiri ya mfundo 2851. Mbiriyi idachitika kwa zaka zopitilira 13 mpaka idaswedwa ndi a Magnus Carlsen.
Pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa mu yonena za Kasparov, zomwe tikambirana m'nkhani ino.
Kotero, patsogolo panu pali mbiri yochepa ya Garry Kasparov.
Wambiri Kasparov
Garry Kasparov adabadwa pa Epulo 13, 1963 ku Baku. Iye anakulira ndipo anakulira m'banja la akatswiri.
Abambo ake, Kim Moiseevich Weinstein, anali ngati injiniya wamagetsi, ndipo amayi ake, a Klara Shagenovna, omwe anali akatswiri pa zamagetsi komanso ma telemechanics. Kumbali ya makolo, agogo ndi achiyuda, ndipo mbali ya amayi - waku Armenia.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Makolo a Kasparov amakonda chess, chifukwa nthawi zambiri amathetsa mavuto a chess omwe amafalitsidwa mu nyuzipepala. Mwanayo amakonda kuwayang'ana, akuyesera kufufuza ntchitozo.
Nthawi ina, pomwe Harry anali ndi zaka 5 zokha, adauza abambo ake yankho lavuto limodzi, zomwe zidamudabwitsa kwambiri. Zitatha izi, mutu wabanja adayamba kuphunzitsa mwana wake masewerawa.
Patapita zaka zingapo, Kasparov anatumizidwa ku kalabu Chess. Munthawi imeneyi ya mbiri yake, adamwalira koyamba - abambo ake adamwalira ndi lymphosarcoma. Pambuyo pake, amayi adadzipereka kwathunthu pantchito ya mnyamatayo.
Pamene Garry anali ndi zaka 12, Klara Shagenovna adaganiza zosintha dzina la mwana wake kuchokera ku Weinstein kupita ku Kasparov.
Izi zidachitika chifukwa chodana ndi Semitism yomwe idalipo ku USSR. Amayi sanafune kuti dziko lawo lilepheretse mwana kuchita bwino pamasewera. Ali ndi zaka 14, adakhala membala wa Komsomol.
Malamulo Achilengedwe
Mu 1973, Garry Kasparov anavomerezedwa ku chess sukulu ya Mikhail Botvinnik. Botvinnik nthawi yomweyo anazindikira luso la mnyamatayo, motero adathandizira kuti adaphunzitsidwa malinga ndi pulogalamu yake.
Chaka chotsatira, Harry adatenga nawo gawo pa mpikisano wa ana, komwe adatha kusewera ndi agogo aamuna Yuri Averbakh ndikumumenya. Ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 12 adakhala mtsogoleri wa chess junior chess ku USSR. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti Otsutsa ambiri a Kasparov anali akulu kuposa iye zaka zingapo.
Mu 1977, mnyamatayo adakhalanso wopambana. Pambuyo pake, adapambananso mpikisano wina ndipo ali ndi zaka 17 adakhala katswiri pamasewera a chess. Kenako maphunziro a sekondale ndi maulemu ndipo anakhala wophunzira wa Azerbaijan Pedagogical Institute, kusankha dipatimenti ya zilankhulo.
Mu 1980, pa mpikisano ku Baku, Kasparov adakwanitsa kukwaniritsa zomwe agogo aamuna amachita. Adalengezedwa kuti ndiwampikisano osataya masewera amodzi. Kenako anatenga malo 1 pa mpikisano junior dziko, womwe unachitikira ku Germany.
M'zaka zotsatira za mbiri yake yamasewera, Garry Kasparov adapitilizabe kupambana, ndikupeza kutchuka kwambiri pagulu. Mu 1985 adakhala mtsogoleri wa 13 mdziko la chess, akumenya Anatoly Karpov yekha.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti Kasparov adakhala ngwazi yaying'ono kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi mu chess - zaka 22 miyezi 6 ndi masiku 27. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti anali Karpov yemwe amadziwika kuti ndiwopikisana kwambiri ndi Harry. Kuphatikiza apo, kupikisana kwawo kumatchedwa "ma K awiri".
Kwa zaka 13, Kasparov anakhalabe mtsogoleri wa kutchuka kwa Elo ndi koyefishienti ya mfundo 2800. M'zaka za m'ma 1980, adapambana masewera anayi a World Chess Olympiads ndi timu yadziko la Soviet.
Pambuyo pa kugwa kwa USSR, Harry adapitiliza kukulitsa kupambana kwake pamipikisano yayikulu. Makamaka, adapambana malo 1 pa Olimpiki maulendo 4, akusewera timu yadziko la Russia.
Mu 1996, mwamunayo adakhazikitsa gulu la Chess Club la Kasparov, lomwe linali lofunikira kwambiri pa intaneti. Pambuyo pake, masewera apakompyuta Harry adayambitsidwa motsutsana ndi kompyuta "Deep Blue". Gulu loyamba linatha ndi kupambana kwa wothamanga, wachiwiri - magalimoto.
Patatha zaka zitatu, wosewera chess adapambana duel motsutsana ndi ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti omwe bungwe la Microsoft lidachita. Ndizosangalatsa kuti panthawiyo anthu opitilira 3 miliyoni adawonera masewera a Kasparov ndi osewera amateur chess, omwe adatenga miyezi 4.
Mu 2004, Garry adakhala mtsogoleri wa chess waku Russia, ndipo chaka chamawa adalengeza poyera kuti asiya masewerawa chifukwa cha ndale. Anati mu chess adakwanitsa kukwaniritsa chilichonse chomwe adalota.
Ndale
Vladimir Putin atasankhidwa kukhala purezidenti wa Russian Federation, Kasparov adamumvera chisoni. Amakhulupirira kuti mtsogoleri watsopano wadziko atha kukweza dzikolo m'maondo ake ndikupanga demokalase. Komabe, mwamunayo posakhalitsa adakhumudwa ndi purezidenti, ndikukhala m'modzi wotsutsa.
Pambuyo pake, Garry Kimovich adatsogolera gulu lotsutsa la United Civil Front. Pamodzi ndi omutsatira, adadzudzula malingaliro a Putin ndi maboma onse apano.
Mu 2008 Kasparov adakhazikitsa gulu lotsutsana landale komanso Mgwirizano. Adagwira ntchito yokonza ziwonetsero, akufuna kuti purezidenti asachotsedwe. Komabe, malingaliro ake sanalandire thandizo lalikulu kuchokera kwa anthu akwawo.
M'chilimwe cha 2013, wosewera chess adalengeza kuti sabwerera ku Russia kuchokera kunja, popeza akufuna kumenya nkhondo ndi "zigawenga za Kremlin" pamayiko ena.
Chaka chotsatira, tsamba la Garry Kasparov, lomwe limayitanitsa anthu kuti azichita zinthu zosaloledwa komanso misonkhano yayikulu, lidatsekedwa ndi Roskomnadzor. Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, Khoti Loona za Ufulu wa Anthu ku Ulaya livomereza kuti kutsekereza kumeneko ndi kosaloleka ndipo kukakamiza dziko la Russia kuti lipereke ndalama zokwana mayuro 10,000 pa khomo.
Mu 2014, Kasparov adatsutsa kulandidwa kwa Crimea kupita ku Russia. Anapemphanso mayiko akunja kuti awonjezere kukakamizidwa kwa Putin. Mu 2017, adapempha anthu aku Russia kuti athetse zisankho zomwe zikubwera.
Moyo waumwini
Kwa zaka zambiri za moyo wake, Kasparov anakwatiwa katatu. Mkazi wake woyamba anali womasulira wotsogolera Maria Arapova. Pambuyo pake, banjali linali ndi mtsikana wotchedwa Pauline. Atatha zaka 4 ali m'banja, achinyamata adaganiza zosiya.
Pambuyo pake, Harry adakwatirana ndi wophunzira Yulia Vovk, yemwe adamuberekera mwana wamwamuna, Vadim. Mgwirizanowu udatha zaka 9.
Mu 2005, Kasparov adatsika kanjira kachitatu. Wokondedwa wake anali Daria Tarasova, yemwe anali wocheperapo zaka 20 kuposa mwamuna wake. Muukwatiwu, banjali linali ndi mwana wamkazi, Aida, ndi mwana wamwamuna, Nikolai.
Cha m'ma 80s, mwamunayo adakumana ndi wochita sewero Marina Neyelova, yemwe akuti adabereka mwana wake wamkazi Nika. Harry iyemwini adakana izi, pomwe Neelova sanayankhulepo za ubale wawo konse.
Garry Kasparov lero
Pakadali pano, Kasparov akupitiliza kuchita nawo chitukuko cha ntchito za chess ku Russia. Chess Foundation, yotchulidwa pambuyo pake, ikufuna kuti masewerawa akhale amodzi mwa maphunziro kusukulu.
Garry Kimovich akupitiliza kulimbikitsa anthu kuti aziwonjezera nkhawa kwa Putin ndi anzawo. Ali ndi maakaunti ovomerezeka pamawebusayiti, komwe nthawi ndi nthawi amasiya ndemanga ndikuyika zithunzi.
Zithunzi za Kasparov
