Alexander Alexandrovich Fridman (1888-1925) - Katswiri wa masamu waku Russia ndi Soviet, wasayansi komanso geophysicist, yemwe adayambitsa cosmology yamasiku ano, wolemba woyamba woyamba wosakhazikika wa Chilengedwe (Friedman's Universe).
Pali zambiri zosangalatsa mu yonena za Alexander Fridman, zomwe tikambirana m'nkhani ino.
Kotero, patsogolo panu pali mbiri yochepa ya Alexander Alexandrovich Fridman.
Wambiri Alexander Fridman
Alexander Fridman adabadwa pa June 4 (16), 1888 ku St. Iye anakulira ndipo anakulira m'banja la kulenga. Bambo ake, Alexander Alexandrovich, anali wovina komanso wolemba nyimbo, ndipo amayi ake, Lyudmila Ignatievna, anali mphunzitsi wanyimbo.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Tsoka loyamba mu biography ya Friedman lidachitika ali ndi zaka 9, pomwe makolo ake adaganiza zothetsa banja. Pambuyo pake, adaleredwa m'banja latsopano la abambo ake, komanso m'mabanja a agogo ake aakazi ndi azakhali awo. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti adayambiranso ubale ndi amayi ake atatsala pang'ono kumwalira.
Sukulu yoyamba ya Alexander anali malo ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi a St. Apa ndi pomwe adayamba chidwi ndi zakuthambo, ndikuphunzira ntchito zosiyanasiyana pamundawu.
Pakukula kwa 1905, Friedman adalowa nawo Northern Social Democratic High School Organisation. Makamaka, adasindikiza timapepala tofikira anthu onse.
Yakov Tamarkin, katswiri wamasamu wamtsogolo komanso wachiwiri kwa purezidenti wa American Mathematical Society, adaphunzira m'kalasi lomwelo ndi Alexander. Ubwenzi wolimba unayamba pakati pa anyamatawa, popeza anali omangika ndi zokonda zawo. Kumapeto kwa 1905, adalemba nkhani yasayansi, yomwe idatumizidwa ku imodzi mwazanyumba zovomerezeka kwambiri ku Germany - "Mathematical Annals".
Ntchitoyi idaperekedwa kwa manambala a Bernoulli. Zotsatira zake, chaka chotsatira magazini yaku Germany idasindikiza zolemba za ophunzira aku Russia aku gymnasium. Mu 1906, Fridman adamaliza maphunziro ake ku sekondale, pambuyo pake adalowa University of St. Petersburg, Faculty of Physics and Mathematics.
Atamaliza maphunziro awo ku yunivesite, Alexander Alexandrovich adakhala ku department of Mathematics, kuti akonzekere digiri ya profesa. Kwa zaka zitatu zotsatira adachita makalasi othandiza, amaphunzitsa ndikupitiliza kuphunzira masamu ndi fizikiya.
Zochita zasayansi
Pamene Fridman anali ndi zaka pafupifupi 25, adapatsidwa malo ku Aerological Observatory, yomwe ili pafupi ndi St. Kenako adayamba kufufuza mozama za sayansi yamagetsi.
Mkulu woyang'anira anayamikira luso la wasayansi wachichepereyo ndikumupempha kuti aphunzire zanyengo zazikulu.
Zotsatira zake, kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 1914 Alexander adatumizidwa ku Germany kukaphunzitsidwa ndi katswiri wazanyengo wotchuka Wilhelm Bjerknes, mlembi waziphunzitso zam'mlengalenga. Patangopita miyezi ingapo, Friedman anauluka mu ndege, zomwe panthawiyo zinali zotchuka kwambiri.
Nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse (1914-1918) itayamba, katswiri wa masamu uja adaganiza zolowa nawo gulu lankhondo. Kwa zaka zitatu zotsatira, adawombera maulendo angapo omenyera nkhondo, komwe samangomenya nawo nkhondo ndi mdani, komanso kuzindikira kwamlengalenga.
Chifukwa cha ntchito yake ku Landland, Alexander Alexandrovich Fridman adakhala Knight wa St. George, atalandira Golden Weapon ndi Order of St. Vladimir.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti woyendetsa ndege adapanga matebulo opangira bomba. Iye panokha anayesa chitukuko chake mu nkhondo.
Kumapeto kwa nkhondo, Friedman adakhazikika ku Kiev, komwe adaphunzitsa ku Military School of Observer Pilots. Munthawi imeneyi, adafalitsa ntchito yoyamba yophunzitsa kuyenda panyanja. Nthawi yomweyo adatumikira monga mutu wa Central Air Navigation Station.
Alexander Alexandrovich adakhazikitsa ntchito yanyengo kutsogolo, yomwe idathandizira asitikali kudziwa momwe nyengo iliri. Nthawi yomweyo adakhazikitsa bizinesi ya Aviapribor. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti ku Russia ndiye anali woyamba kupanga zida zankhondo.
Nkhondo itatha, Fridman ankagwira ntchito kumene ku Perm University ku Faculty of Physics and Mathematics. Mu 1920, adakhazikitsa madipatimenti atatu ndi mabungwe awiri ku faculty - geophysical and mechanical. Popita nthawi, adavomerezedwa kukhala wachiwiri-rector ku yunivesite.
Panthawi imeneyi ya wasayansi, adapanga bungwe komwe amaphunzirira masamu ndi fizikiya. Posakhalitsa, bungweli lidayamba kufalitsa zolemba zasayansi. Pambuyo pake adagwira ntchito m'malo owonera zosiyanasiyana, komanso adaphunzitsanso ophunzira kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamagetsi, makina ndi sayansi ina yeniyeni.
Aleksandr Aleksandrovich anawerengera mitundu ya ma atomu amagetsi ambiri ndipo adaphunzira zinthu zosasintha. Zaka zingapo asanamwalire, adagwira ntchito ngati mkonzi wamkulu pakusindikiza kwasayansi "Journal of Geophysics and Meteorology".
Nthawi yomweyo, Friedman adapita kukachita bizinesi kumayiko ena aku Europe. Miyezi ingapo asanamwalire, adakhala mtsogoleri wa Main Geophysical Observatory.
Zokwaniritsa zasayansi
Pa moyo wake wamfupi, Alexander Fridman adakwanitsa kuchita bwino pamagulu osiyanasiyana asayansi. Anakhala mlembi wa ntchito zingapo zomwe zimakhudzana ndi zochitika zakuthambo zamphamvu, hydrodynamics of compressible fluid, fizikiya yamlengalenga ndi cosmology yotsutsana.
M'chaka cha 1925, namatetule Russian, pamodzi ndi woyendetsa Pavel Fedoseenko, anaulukira mu zibaluni, kufika kutalika mu USSR pa nthawi imeneyo - 7400 m! Iye anali m'modzi mwa oyamba omwe adadziwa ndikuyamba kuphunzitsa zowerengera, monga gawo limodzi la pulogalamu yokhudzana ndi kulumikizana.
Friedman adakhala wolemba buku la sayansi "The World as Space and Time", lomwe linathandiza anthu amtundu wake kuti adziwe za sayansi yatsopanoyi. Analandira kuzindikira padziko lonse lapansi atapanga mtundu wa chilengedwe chosakhazikika, momwe adaneneratu zakukula kwa Chilengedwe.
Kuwerengetsa kwafizikiki kunawonetsa kuti mtundu wa chilengedwe cha Einstein udakhala nkhani yapadera, chifukwa chake adatsutsa lingaliro loti malingaliro akuti kulumikizana kumafunikira kuti malo akhale oyenera.
Alexander Alexandrovich Fridman anatsimikizira malingaliro ake ponena kuti Chilengedwe chiyenera kuonedwa ngati zochitika zosiyanasiyana: Mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi mpaka (osakhala kanthu), pambuyo pake umawonjezeranso kukula kwake, kenako ndikusandukanso mfundo, ndi zina zambiri.
M'malo mwake, mwamunayo ananena kuti chilengedwe chikhoza kulengedwa "popanda kanthu." Posakhalitsa, mkangano waukulu pakati pa Friedman ndi Einstein udayamba pamasamba a Zeitschrift für Physik. Poyamba, womaliza uja adatsutsa malingaliro a Friedman, koma patapita nthawi adakakamizidwa kuvomereza kuti wasayansi waku Russia anali wolondola.
Moyo waumwini
Mkazi woyamba wa Alexander Fridman anali Ekaterina Dorofeeva. Pambuyo pake, anakwatira mtsikana wamng'ono Natalia Malinina. Mgwirizanowu, banjali linali ndi mwana, Alexander.
Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti pambuyo pake Natalya adapatsidwa digiri ya Doctor of Physical and Mathematics Mathematics. Kuphatikiza apo, adatsogolera nthambi ya Leningrad ya Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere ndi Radio Wave Propagation ya USSR Academy of Science.
Imfa
Paulendo wopita kokasangalala ndi mkazi wake, Friedman adadwala typhus. Adamwalira ndi matenda a typhoid fever osadziwika chifukwa chothandizidwa mosayenera. Alexander Alexandrovich Fridman anamwalira pa Seputembara 16, 1925 ali ndi zaka 37.
Malinga ndi wasayansiyo, akadatha kudwala typhus atatha kudya peyala yosasamba yomwe idagulidwa pamalo amodzi a njanji.
Chithunzi ndi Alexander Alexandrovich Fridman
