Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl (1801-1872) - Wolemba ku Russia, wolemba zamankhwala komanso wolemba mabuku, wokhometsa zikhalidwe, dokotala wankhondo. Idapeza kutchuka kwakukulu chifukwa cha buku losayerekezeka "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language", yomwe idatenga zaka 53 kuti ipangidwe.
Mbiri ya Dahl pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa, zomwe tikambirana m'nkhani ino.
Kotero, patsogolo panu pali mbiri yochepa ya Vladimir Dahl.
Wambiri Dahl
Vladimir Dal anabadwa pa November 10 (22), 1801 m'mudzi wa chomera cha Lugansk (tsopano ndi Lugansk). Iye anakulira ndipo anakulira m'banja lanzeru komanso ophunzira.
Abambo a wolemba mtsogolo, a Johan Christian Dahl, anali a Russified Dane omwe adatenga nzika zaku Russia natenga dzina laku Russia - Ivan Matveyevich Dahl. Mayi, Yulia Khristoforovna, anali ndi ana asanu ndi mmodzi.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Mutu wa banja anali dokotala, zamulungu ndi polyglot. Amadziwa zilankhulo 8, kuphatikiza Chilatini, Chigiriki ndi Chiheberi. Kuphatikiza apo, mwamunayo anali katswiri wazolankhula, wotchuka yemwe adafika Catherine 2 mwiniwake.
Popita nthawi, mfumukaziyi idamuyitanitsa Dahl Sr. kuti akhale woyang'anira nyumba yabwalo. Chochititsa chidwi ndi chakuti amayi a Vladimir ankadziwa zilankhulo zisanu, akuchita nawo ntchito yomasulira.
Pamene Volodya wamng'ono anali ndi zaka 4, iye ndi banja lake anasamukira ku Nikolaev. Mumzindawu, Ivan Matveyevich adakwanitsa kukondera anthu otchuka, omwe amalola ana ake kuti aziphunzira mwaulere ku St. Petersburg Naval Cadet Corps.
Ali mwana, Vladimir Dal anaphunzitsidwa kunyumba. M'nyumba yomwe adakulira, chidwi chachikulu chidaperekedwa pakuwerenga ndi mawu osindikizidwa, chikondi chomwe chidaperekedwa kwa ana onse.
Mnyamatayo ali ndi zaka 13, adalowa ku St. Petersburg Naval Cadet Corps, ndikulandila ukadaulo. Pa mbiri ya 1819-1825. adakwanitsa kutumikira ku Nyanja Yakuda ndi Baltic.
Kumapeto kwa 1823, a Vladimir Dal adamangidwa pomuganizira kuti adalemba epigram yonena za wamkulu wa wamkulu wa Black Sea Fleet, Alexei Greig, ndi ambuye ake. Patatha miyezi 8 m'ndende, mnyamatayo adamasulidwa.
Mu 1826 Dahl adakhala wophunzira ku University of Dorpat, posankha dipatimenti yazachipatala. M'masukulu ake, amayenera kudzikakamiza m'kabati yaying'ono m'chipinda cham'mwamba, kuti azipeza ndalama mwapadera pachilankhulo cha Chirasha. Pomwe amaphunzira ku yunivesiteyi, amaphunzira Chilatini, komanso anaphunzira malingaliro osiyanasiyana anzeru.
Nthawi yankhondo komanso zaluso
Chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa nkhondo yaku Russia ndi Turkey (1828-1829), Vladimir Dahl adasokoneza maphunziro ake. Pa nthawi ya nkhondo komanso itatha, adagwira ntchito yakutsogolo ngati dokotala wankhondo, popeza gulu lankhondo laku Russia lidasowa thandizo la zamankhwala.
Dahl adaloledwa kulandira dipuloma yake isanakwane, "atapereka mayeso kwa dokotala osati zamankhwala zokha, komanso opaleshoni." Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti adakhala dokotala wabwino kwambiri, komanso msilikali wolimba mtima amene adachita nawo nkhondo zina. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti adapatsidwa Order ya St. Vladimir, digiri ya 4 kuchokera kwa Nicholas 1 mwini.
Kwa kanthawi, Vladimir Dal adagwira ntchito pachipatala china ku St. Petersburg, akudziwika kuti ndi dokotala waluso. Pambuyo pake adaganiza zosiya mankhwala, komabe, adakhalabe ndi chidwi ndi ophthalmology ndi homeopathy. Chodabwitsa, ndiye mlembi wa imodzi mwantchito yoyamba mu Ufumu wa Russia kuteteza homeopathy.
Mu 1832 Dahl adafalitsa bukuli "Russian Fairy Tales. Zisanu zoyambirira ”, yomwe idakhala ntchito yake yoyamba. Nthano zinalembedwa m’chinenero chimene aliyense angamve. Pambuyo polemba bukuli, wolemba adatchuka kwambiri m'mabuku olemba mzindawo.
Komabe, Minister of Education adawona kuti ntchitoyi ndi yosadalirika, chifukwa chake kufalikira konse kwa nthano zaku Russia kudawonongedwa. Posakhalitsa Dahl adagwidwa ndikumangidwa.
Vladimir Ivanovich adatha kuthawa kuponderezedwa komwe kudachitika pambuyo pake chifukwa chothandizidwa ndi wolemba ndakatulo Zhukovsky, yemwe anali wothandizira wa Tsarevich Alexander 2. Wolemba ndakatuloyo adapereka zonse zomwe zidachitikira wolowa pampando wachifumu mwachinyengo komanso moseketsa, chifukwa chake milandu yonse idachotsedwa kwa Dahl.
Mu 1833, wopanga tsogolo la "Explanatory Dictionary" adatenga udindowu ngati ntchito yapadera, wogwira ntchito motsogozedwa ndi kazembe wankhondo. Pogwira ntchitoyi, adagwira ntchito zaka pafupifupi 8.
M'zaka za mbiri yake, Dal adayendera madera angapo akumwera kwa Urals, komwe adasonkhanitsa zinthu zambiri zapadera, zomwe pambuyo pake zidapanga maziko a ntchito zake. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti panthawiyo anali atalankhula zilankhulo zosachepera 12.
Vladimir Dal adapitilizabe kulemba. M'zaka za m'ma 1830, adagwirizana ndi buku laku Rural Reading. Pa nthawi yomweyi, "Kunalinso nthano za Cossack Lugansky" anatuluka pansi pa cholembera chake.
Kuchokera mu 1841 mpaka 1849, Dal ankakhala ku St. Petersburg, akugwira ntchito ngati mlembi wa Count Lev Perovsky, kenako monga mtsogoleri wa nduna zake zapadera. Kenako adalemba "zolemba zokhudza thupi" zambiri, adalemba zolemba zingapo pa zoology ndi botany, komanso adafalitsa nkhani zambiri komanso nkhani.
Ngakhale ali mwana, Vladimir Dal ankachita chidwi kwambiri ndi miyambi, mwambi ndi nthano Russian. Adalandira zinthu zambiri zofananira kuchokera kudera lonselo. Poyesera kukhala pafupi ndi anthu wamba, aganiza zosamukira kudera lina.
Mu 1849, mwamunayo adakhazikika ku Nizhny Novgorod, komwe adakhala zaka 10 ngati manejala wa ofesi yakomweko. Apa ndipomwe adakwanitsa kumaliza ntchito buku lalikulu - "Miyambo ya anthu aku Russia", yomwe inali ndi miyambi yoposa 30,000.
Ndipo chofunikira kwambiri cha Vladimir Dal ndikupanga "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language". Mawu omwe anali mmenemo, omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito m'zaka za zana la 19, anali ndi mafotokozedwe achidule komanso olondola. Zinatenga zaka 53 kuti apange dikishonare.
Pogwira ntchitoyi, mawu pafupifupi 200,000 adawonetsedwa, pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a iwo anali asanaphatikizidwepo mumadikishonale ena. Pogwira ntchitoyi mu 1863 Dahl adapatsidwa mphotho ya Lomonosov ya Academy of Science komanso dzina la Honorary Academician. Kutulutsa koyamba kwa mavoliyumu anayi kudasindikizidwa mchaka cha 1863-1866.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti Dahl adalimbikitsa lingaliro loti alimi sayenera kuphunzitsidwa kuwerenga ndi kulemba, chifukwa popanda maphunziro oyenera amisala ndi zamakhalidwe, sizingabweretsere anthu zabwino.
Ankadziwa Pushkin
Kudziwana kwa Alexander Pushkin ndi Dal kumayenera kuchitika mothandizidwa ndi Zhukovsky, koma Vladimir adaganiza zokumana ndi wolemba ndakatulo wamkulu. Anamupatsa imodzi mwa mabuku omwe atsala a Russian Fairy Tales.
Mphatso yotereyi idakondweretsa Pushkin, chifukwa chake adatumiza Dal cholembedwa chatsopano cha nthano yake "Za wansembe ndi wantchito wake Balda", osayiwala kuyika zolemba zake.
Izi zidapangitsa kuti Vladimir Dal apite ndi ndakatuloyi paulendo wopita kumalo a zochitika za Pugachev zomwe zidachitika mdera la Orenburg. Zotsatira zake, Pushkin adapatsa wolemba mphatso yolemba ya Mbiri ya Pugachev.
N'zochititsa chidwi kuti Dahl analipo pa bala bala la Alexander Sergeevich Dantes. Anagwira nawo ntchito yothandizira bala, koma sizinatheke kupulumutsa moyo wa ndakatulo wamkulu. Madzulo a imfa yake, Pushkin anapatsa bwenzi lake chithumwa chake - mphete yagolide yokhala ndi emarodi.
Moyo waumwini
Vladimir ali ndi zaka 32, anakwatira Julia Andre. Muukwati uwu, banjali linali ndi mtsikana, Julia, ndi mnyamata, Lev. Patapita zaka zingapo, mkazi wa Dahl anamwalira.
Mu 1840, mwamuna wina adakwatiranso mtsikana wotchedwa Ekaterina Sokolova. Mgwirizanowu, okwatiranawo anali ndi ana akazi atatu: Maria, Olga ndi Ekaterina.
Imfa
M'zaka zomalizira za moyo wake, Dahl ankakonda zamizimu ndi homeopathy. Chaka chimodzi asanamwalire, kuwomboka koyamba kudamugwera, chifukwa chake wolemba adayitanitsa wansembe wa Orthodox kuti alowe nawo ku Tchalitchi cha Russian Orthodox.
Zotsatira zake, mwamunayo adasintha kuchokera ku Lutheranism kupita ku Orthodox. Vladimir Dal adamwalira pa Seputembara 22 (Okutobala 4) 1872 ali ndi zaka 70.
Chithunzi ndi Vladimir Dahl
