"Eugene Onegin" - buku lolembedwa ndi wolemba ndakatulo wamkulu waku Russia Alexander Pushkin, lolembedwa mu nthawi ya 1823-1830. Imodzi mwa ntchito zopambana kwambiri zolemba zaku Russia. Nkhaniyi imanenedwa m'malo mwa wolemba wosadziwika, yemwe adadziwonetsa ngati mnzake wa Onegin.
M'bukuli, motsutsana ndi zithunzi za moyo waku Russia, chiwonetsero chodabwitsa cha oimira olemekezeka aku Russia chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 19 chikuwonetsedwa.
Pali zambiri zosangalatsa mu yonena za Eugene Onegin, zomwe tikambirana m'nkhani ino.
Kotero, patsogolo panu pali mbiri yochepa ya Onegin.
Moyo wa Eugene Onegin
Eugene Onegin ndi ngwazi ya buku lomweli mu vesi, wolemba wake ndi Alexander Pushkin. Khalidwe lidatenga malo amodzi mwamawonekedwe owoneka bwino kwambiri komanso owoneka bwino kwambiri achi Russia.
Khalidwe lake, zokumana nazo zowoneka bwino, kukayikira ena, komanso malingaliro oseketsa am'dziko lomuzungulira zimagwirizana. Ubale wa Onegin ndi Tatyana Larina unathandiza kumvetsetsa chikhalidwe cha munthu, kufotokoza mphamvu zake ndi zofooka zake.
Mbiri yopanga mawonekedwe
Pushkin adayamba kulemba ntchitoyi ali ku ukapolo ku Chisinau. Adaganiza zopatuka pamiyambo yachikondi, ndikuyamba kupanga "Eugene Onegin" m'njira yovomerezeka. Ntchitoyi ikufotokoza zomwe zidachitika mu 1819-1825.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti wolemba mabuku wotchuka Vissarion Belinsky adatcha bukuli "buku lofotokoza za moyo wachi Russia".
Mwa anthu ambiri omwe amapezeka pantchitoyo, wolemba adapereka mwaluso anthu amitundu yosiyanasiyana: olemekezeka, mwininyumba ndi anthu wamba, omwe anali m'zaka zoyambirira za 19th.
Alexander Pushkin anafotokozera mlengalenga nthawi imeneyo molondola kwambiri, komanso adasamalira kwambiri moyo watsiku ndi tsiku.
Pofufuza "Eugene Onegin", owerenga amatha kuphunzira pafupifupi chilichonse chanthawiyo: momwe adavalira, zomwe amakonda, zomwe amalankhula komanso zomwe anthu amayesetsa.
Kupanga ntchito yake, wolemba ndakatulo anafuna kupereka kwa anthu chithunzi cha munthu wamba wakudziko, wamasiku ano. Nthawi yomweyo, Eugene Onegin siachilendo kwa ngwazi zachikondi, "anthu osafunikira", osakhutira ndi moyo, achisoni komanso okhumudwa.
Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti mtsogolomo wolemba amafuna kuti Onegin akhale wothandizira gulu la Decembrist, koma, poopa kuponderezedwa komanso kuzunzidwa, adasiya lingaliro ili. Khalidwe lirilonse lidalingaliridwa mosamala ndi Pushkin.
Otsutsa zolembalemba amapeza mu mawonekedwe a Eugene mawonekedwe ena ofanana ndi mikhalidwe ya Alexander Chaadaev, Alexander Griboyedov ndi wolemba mwiniyo. Onegin anali mtundu wa chithunzi cha nthawi yake. Mpaka pano, pali zokambirana zoyipa pakati pa otsutsa olemba zakuti ngati ngwaziyo anali "mlendo" komanso "wopanda nzeru" munthawiyo kapena anali munthu wongoganizira chabe yemwe amangokhalira kusangalala.
Polemba ndakatulo, Pushkin adasankha gawo lapadera, lomwe adayamba kutcha - "Onegin". Kuphatikiza apo, ndakatuloyi idatulutsa nyimbo zojambulidwa pamitu yosiyanasiyana m'bukuli.
Zingakhale zolakwika kunena kuti wolemba Eugene Onegin amamatira ku lingaliro lina lofunikira m'bukuli - alipo ambiri, popeza ntchitoyi imakhudza zinthu zambiri.
Tsogolo ndi chithunzi cha Eugene Onegin
Wambiri Onegin akuyamba ndi chakuti iye anabadwira ku St.Petersburg, osati m'banja labwino kwambiri. Ali mwana, wophunzitsayo Madame adachita nawo maphunziro ake, pambuyo pake mphunzitsi wa ku France adakhala wophunzitsa mnyamatayo, yemwe samangolemetsa mwana wamaphunziro ambiri.
Maphunziro otere ndi maphunziro omwe Eugene adalandira anali okwanira kuti awonekere padziko lapansi ngati "wanzeru komanso wabwino kwambiri". Kuyambira ali mwana, ngwaziyo idaphunzira "sayansi yakukonda mwachikondi." Zaka za mbiri yake yodzaza ndi zochitika zachikondi ndi zinyengo zapadziko lapansi, zomwe pamapeto pake zimasiya kumusangalatsa.
Nthawi yomweyo, Onegin ndi wachinyamata yemwe amamvetsetsa kwambiri za mafashoni. Pushkin amamufotokozera ngati dandy wachingerezi, yemwe muofesi yake muli "zisa, mafayilo achitsulo, lumo lowongoka, ma curve ndi maburashi amitundu 30 yamisomali ndi mano onse."
Ponyoza kunyoza kwa Eugene, wolemba nkhani wopanda dzina amamufanizira ndi Venus wamphepo. Mnyamatayo amasangalala ndi moyo wopanda ntchito, amapita kumipira yosiyanasiyana, zisudzo ndi zochitika zina.
Abambo a Onegin, atakhala ndi ngongole zambiri, pomalizira pake amawononga chuma chake. Chifukwa chake, kalata yochokera kwa amalume olemera omwe akumwalira yoyitanira mphwake kumudzi imabwera yothandiza. Izi zikufotokozedwa ndikuti ngwaziyo, yemwe anali wosasangalatsa, amatha kuyesa china chatsopano m'moyo.
Amalume ake akamwalira, a Eugene Onegin amakhala olowa m'malo mwake. Poyamba, amakonda kukhala m'mudzimo, koma tsiku lachitatu moyo wakomweko umayamba kumunyasa. Posakhalitsa amakumana ndi mnansi wake Vladimir Lensky, wolemba ndakatulo wachikondi yemwe wafika posachedwa kuchokera ku Germany.
Ngakhale achichepere amakhala otsutsana kotheratu pakati pawo, maubwenzi amakula pakati pawo. Komabe, patapita nthawi, Onegin amakhala wotopetsa komanso kukhala ndi Lensky, yemwe malankhulidwe ake ndi malingaliro ake zimawoneka zopusa kwa iye.
Mmodzi mwazokambirana, Vladimir adavomereza kwa Eugene kuti amakondana ndi Olga Larina, chifukwa chake adapempha mnzake kuti apite naye kukacheza ku Larin. Ndipo ngakhale Onegin sanadalire zokambirana zosangalatsa ndi mamembala am'mudzimo, anavomera kupita ndi Lensky.
Pa ulendowu, zidapezeka kuti Olga ali ndi mlongo wachikulire, Tatiana. Alongo onsewa amabweretsa zotsutsana ku Eugene Onegin. Atabwerera kunyumba, adauza Vladimir kuti adadabwa chifukwa chomwe amakonda Olga. Iye akuwonjezera kuti kuwonjezera pa mawonekedwe ake okongola, mtsikanayo alibe zabwino zina.
Mofananamo, Tatyana Larina adadzutsa chidwi ndi Onegin, popeza sanawoneke ngati atsikana omwe adalankhula nawo padziko lapansi. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti Tatiana adayamba kukondana ndi Eugene poyamba.
Mtsikanayo amalemba kalata yosapita m'mbali kwa wokondedwa wake, koma mnyamatayo samubwezera. Moyo woyesedwa wa banja ndi wachilendo kwa Onegin, womwe amalankhula pamaso pa onse paulendo wachiwiri kwa mlongo wake Olga.
Kuphatikiza apo, wolemekezeka amalimbikitsa Tatiana kuti aphunzire kudziletsa, chifukwa munthu wosakhulupirika atha kukhala m'malo mwake: "Sikuti aliyense wa inu, monga ndikumvera, amatsogolera kutsoka."
Pambuyo pake, Eugene salinso kubwera kwa Larins. Nthawiyi, kubadwa kwa Tatyana kunali kuyandikira. Madzulo a tsikulo, adalota chimbalangondo chomwe chidamugwira kuthengo. Chilombocho chinamunyamula kupita naye kunyumba, ndikumusiya pakhomo.
Pakadali pano, phwando la zoyipa likuchitika mnyumba, pomwe Onegin iyemwini amakhala pakatikati pa tebulo. Kupezeka kwa Tatiana kumawonekera kwa alendo osangalala - aliyense wa iwo amalota zokhala ndi mtsikanayo. Mwadzidzidzi, mizimu yoyipa yonse ikutha - Eugene mwiniyo amatsogolera Larina ku benchi.
Pakadali pano, Vladimir ndi Olga amalowa mchipindamo, zomwe zimapangitsa Onegin kukwiya. Atulutsa mpeni ndikubaya nawo Lensky. Maloto a Tatiana amakhala olosera - tsiku lobadwa lake limadziwika ndi zochitika zomvetsa chisoni.
Eni ake osiyanasiyana amabwera kudzaona ma Larins, komanso Lensky ndi Onegin. Ukwati wa Vladimir ndi Olga uyenera kuchitika posachedwa, chifukwa chake mkwati sangadikire mwambowu. Eugene, ataona mawonekedwe a Tatiana akunjenjemera, adakwiya ndipo adaganiza zodzisangalatsa mwa kukopana ndi Olga.
Ku Lenskoye, izi zimayambitsa nsanje ndi mkwiyo, chifukwa chake amatsutsana ndi Eugene. Onegin akupha Vladimir ndipo wasankha kuchoka m'mudzimo. Pushkin akulemba kuti panthawiyo mu mbiri yake, "English dandy" anali ndi zaka 26.
Pambuyo pa zaka zitatu, Eugene Onegin akupita ku St. Petersburg, komwe amakumana ndi Tatyana wokwatiwa kale. Ndi mkazi wa general, wotsogola kwambiri. Mosayembekezereka kwa iye, mnyamatayo amazindikira kuti amakonda mtsikana.
Zochitika zimabwerezedwanso ngati magalasi - Onegin adalemba kalata yopita kwa Tatyana, momwe amavomerezera momwe akumvera. Msungwanayo sabisala kuti, monga kale, amamukonda, koma samunamiza mwamunayo. Amalemba kuti: "Ndimakukondani (chifukwa chiyani mukupanga chisokonezo?), Koma ndapatsidwa kwa wina ndipo ndidzakhala wokhulupirika kwa iye kwamuyaya."
Apa ndipomwe chidutswacho chimathera. Pushkin amasiya wokhumudwitsidwa Eugene ndipo akuti tiwonana kwa owerenga m'mawu angapo.
Eugene Onegin pachikhalidwe
Bukuli lakhala likulimbikitsa mobwerezabwereza kwa ojambula osiyanasiyana. Mu 1878 Pyotr Tchaikovsky adapanga sewero la dzina lomweli, lomwe lidakhala lotchuka kwambiri padziko lapansi. Sergei Prokofiev ndi Rodion Shchedrin adalemba nyimbo zosewerera motengera Eugene Onegin.
"Eugene Onegin" adajambulidwa kangapo pazenera lalikulu. Chiwonetsero chamunthu m'modzi, pomwe gawo lofunikira lidapita kwa Dmitry Dyuzhev, chatchuka kwambiri. Wosewerayo adawerenga mwachidule mu bukuli, lomwe linali limodzi ndi gulu loimba.
Ntchitoyi pokambirana mwachinsinsi ndi omvera idamasuliridwa m'zilankhulo 19.
Zithunzi za Onegin
Mafanizo a Onegin
M'munsimu muli ena mwa mafanizo odziwika kwambiri a buku "Eugene Onegin", lopangidwa ndi wojambula Elena Petrovna Samokish-Sudkovskaya (1863-1924).