Albert Einstein (1879-1955) - theoretical physicist, m'modzi mwa omwe adayambitsa sayansi ya zamakono, wopambana mphotho ya Nobel mu fizikiya (1921). Honorary Doctor wamayunivesite otsogola pafupifupi 20 padziko lapansi komanso membala m'mayunivesite angapo a Sayansi. Adanenanso motsutsana ndi nkhondo komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zida za nyukiliya, akufuna kuti anthu amvana.
Einstein ndi mlembi wa mapepala opitilira 300 a sayansi mu fizikiya, komanso mabuku ndi nkhani pafupifupi 150 zokhudzana ndi magawo osiyanasiyana. Anapanga malingaliro angapo ofunikira, kuphatikiza kulumikizana kwapadera komanso kwakukulu.
Pali zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Einstein, yomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi. Mwa njira, mverani zida zomwe zikukhudzana ndi Einstein:
- Zochititsa chidwi ndi nkhani zoseketsa za moyo wa Einstein
- Mavesi osankhidwa a Einstein
- Mwambi wa Einstein
- Chifukwa chiyani Einstein adawonetsa lilime lake
Chifukwa chake, musanakhale ndi mbiri yayifupi ya Albert Einstein.
Mbiri ya Einstein
Albert Einstein adabadwa pa Marichi 14, 1879 mtawuni yaku Germany ya Ulm. Anakulira ndipo anakulira m'banja lachiyuda.
Abambo ake, a Hermann Einstein, anali eni ake a fakitale yaying'ono yopanga nthenga zodzadza matiresi ndi mabedi a nthenga. Amayi, a Paulina, anali mwana wamkazi wa wogulitsa chimanga wachuma.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Pafupifupi atangobadwa Albert, banja la Einstein lidasamukira ku Munich. Monga mwana wa makolo osapembedza, adapita kusukulu yoyambira ya Katolika ndipo mpaka zaka 12 anali mwana wachipembedzo kwambiri.
Albert anali mwana wodzipatula komanso wosayankhulana, komanso sanasiyanitse ndi kupambana kulikonse kusukulu. Pali mtundu womwe sanaphunzire ali mwana.
Umboniwo umatchula kusachita bwino komwe adawonetsa kusukulu komanso kuti adayamba kuyenda ndikuyankhula mochedwa.
Komabe, malingaliro awa amatsutsana ndi olemba mbiri ambiri a Einstein. Zowonadi, aphunzitsiwo adamutsutsa chifukwa chakuchedwa kwake komanso kusachita bwino kwake, komabe izi sizikunena kalikonse.
M'malo mwake, chifukwa cha izi chinali kudzichepetsa kwambiri kwa wophunzirayo, njira zopanda pake zophunzitsira za nthawiyo komanso kapangidwe kake kaubongo.
Ndi zonsezi, ziyenera kudziwika kuti Albert samatha kulankhula mpaka zaka 3, ndipo ali ndi zaka 7 anali asanaphunzire kutchula mawu amodzi. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti ngakhale ali mwana adayamba kukhala ndi malingaliro olakwika pankhani yankhondo kotero kuti adakana kusewera asilikari.
Ali mwana, Einstein adachita chidwi ndi kampasi yomwe abambo ake adamupatsa. Zinali zozizwitsa zenizeni kwa iye kuwona momwe singano ya kampasi nthawi zonse imawonetsera mbali imodzi, ngakhale kutembenuka kwa chipangizocho.
Kukonda kwake masamu kunalimbikitsa Albert ndi amalume ake a Jacob, omwe adaphunzira nawo mabuku osiyanasiyana ndikuthetsa zitsanzo. Ngakhale pamenepo, wasayansi wamtsogolo adayamba kukonda sayansi yeniyeni.
Atamaliza sukulu, Einstein adakhala wophunzira pasukulu yochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi yakomweko. Aphunzitsiwo ankamuchitabe ngati mwana wamisala wofooka, chifukwa cha vuto lofananira lomwe amalankhula. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti mnyamatayo anali ndi chidwi ndi maphunziro omwe amakonda, osayesetsa kuti apeze zolemba zapamwamba m'mbiri, mabuku ndi kuphunzira ku Germany.
Albert amadana ndi kupita kusukulu, chifukwa m'malingaliro ake aphunzitsiwo anali amwano komanso opondereza. Nthawi zambiri ankakangana ndi aphunzitsi, chifukwa chake malingaliro ake kwa iye adakula kwambiri.
Popanda kumaliza sekondale, mnyamatayo adasamukira ku Italy ndi banja lake. Pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo, Einstein adayesetsa kulowa Sukulu Yaukadaulo Yapamwamba yomwe ili mumzinda waku Zurich ku Switzerland. Adakwanitsa kupititsa mayeso pamasamu, koma adalephera za botany ndi French.
Woyang'anira sukuluyo analangiza mnyamatayo kuti ayese dzanja lake pasukulu ina ku Aarau. Mu sukuluyi, Albert adakwanitsa kulandira satifiketi, pambuyo pake adakalowabe ku Zurich Polytechnic.
Zochita zasayansi
Mu 1900, Albert Einstein anamaliza maphunziro a Polytechnic, ndikukhala mphunzitsi wotsimikizika wa fizikiki ndi masamu. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti palibe m'modzi mwa aphunzitsi omwe amafuna kumuthandiza kuti akhale ndiukadaulo.
Malinga ndi Einstein, aphunzitsi samamukonda chifukwa nthawi zonse amakhala wodziyimira pawokha ndipo amakhala ndi malingaliro ake pazinthu zina. Poyamba, mnyamatayo sakanatha kupeza ntchito kulikonse. Popanda ndalama zokhazikika, nthawi zambiri anali ndi njala. Zinachitika kuti sanadye masiku angapo.
Popita nthawi, abwenzi adathandizira Albert kupeza ntchito kuofesi yamaluso, komwe adagwira ntchito kwakanthawi kochepa. Mu 1904 adayamba kufalitsa mu nyuzipepala yaku Germany Annals of Physics.
Patatha chaka chimodzi, magaziniyo inafalitsa ntchito zitatu zapamwamba za sayansi yomwe yasinthiratu sayansi. Iwo anali odzipereka ku lingaliro la kulumikizana, malingaliro ochuluka ndi kuyenda kwa Brownian. Pambuyo pake, wolemba nkhani adatchuka kwambiri komanso kutchuka pakati pa anzawo.
Chiphunzitso chokhudzana
Albert Einstein anali wopambana kwambiri pakupanga lingaliro la kulumikizana. Malingaliro ake adasinthiratu malingaliro asayansi, omwe kale anali okhudzana ndi zimango za Newtonia.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti momwe amapangidwira, malingaliro akuti kulumikizana anali ovuta kotero kuti owerengeka okha ndi omwe adamvetsetsa. Chifukwa chake, m'masukulu ndi mayunivesite, ndi chiphunzitso chapadera chokhacho chokhudzana (SRT) chomwe chidaphunzitsidwa, chomwe chinali gawo limodzi.
Idalankhula zakudalira kwa danga ndi nthawi pa liwiro: chinthu chikamayenda mwachangu, chimasokoneza kwambiri kukula kwake ndi nthawi.
Malinga ndi SRT, kuyenda kwakanthawi kumatheka chifukwa chothana ndi kuthamanga kwa kuwunika; chifukwa chake, kupititsa pakulephera kwa maulendo ngati amenewa, malire amalembedwa: liwiro la thupi lililonse silingathe kupitirira liwiro la kuwala.
Pa liwiro lotsika, danga komanso nthawi sizisokonezedwa, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti pakakhala malamulo achikhalidwe amakaniko amagwiranso ntchito. Komabe, pothamanga kwambiri, kusokoneza kumawonekeranso kuti kutsimikiziridwa ndi kuyesa kwasayansi.
Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti ichi ndi gawo lochepa chabe la ubale wapadera komanso wapadera.
Albert Einstein adasankhidwa mobwerezabwereza pa Mphoto ya Nobel. Mu 1921 adalandira mphotho yaulemu iyi "Yantchito zanthabwala komanso chifukwa chopeza lamulo lachithunzi."
Moyo waumwini
Einstein atakwanitsa zaka 26, adakwatira mtsikana wotchedwa Mileva Maric. Pambuyo paukwati wazaka 11, panali kusagwirizana kwakukulu pakati pa okwatirana. Malinga ndi mtundu wina, Mileva sakanakhoza kukhululuka kuperekedwa mobwerezabwereza kwa mwamuna wake, yemwe akuti anali ndi akazi pafupifupi 10.
Komabe, kuti asathetse banja, Albert adapatsa mkazi wake mgwirizano wokhala nawo, pomwe aliyense wa iwo amayenera kugwira ntchito zina. Mwachitsanzo, mkazi amayenera kuchapa zovala ndi ntchito zina.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti mgwirizanowo sunapereke ubale uliwonse wapamtima. Pachifukwa ichi, Albert ndi Mileva adagona mosiyana. Mgwirizanowu, banjali linali ndi ana amuna awiri, m'modzi mwa iwo adamwalira kuchipatala chamisala, ndipo wafizikiyo sanayanjane ndi wachiwiriyo.
Pambuyo pake, banjali lidasudzulana, pambuyo pake Einstein adakwatirana ndi msuweni wake Elsa Leventhal. Malinga ndi magwero ena, mwamunayo adakondanso mwana wamkazi wa Elsa, yemwe sanabwezere.
Anthu a m'nthawi ya Albert Einstein adalankhula za iye ngati munthu wokoma mtima komanso wachilungamo yemwe saopa kuvomereza zolakwa zake.
Mbiri yake ili ndi zambiri zosangalatsa. Mwachitsanzo, samakonda kuvala masokosi ndipo samakonda kutsuka mano. Ndi luso lonse la wasayansiyo, sanakumbukire zinthu zosavuta, monga manambala a foni.
Imfa
Kutatsala masiku ochepa kuti amwalire, Einstein adadwaladwala. Madokotala anapeza kuti anali ndi aortic aneurysm, koma a fizikayo sanavomereze za opaleshoniyi.
Adalemba chiphaso nati kwa abwenzi ake: "Ndamaliza ntchito yanga padziko lapansi." Pakadali pano, wolemba mbiri Bernard Cohen, yemwe adakumbukira kuti:
Ndinkadziwa kuti Einstein anali munthu wamkulu komanso wasayansi wamkulu, koma sindimadziwa za kutentha kwaubwenzi wake, za kukoma mtima kwake komanso nthabwala. Pokambirana, sizinamveke kuti imfa ili pafupi. Malingaliro a Einstein adakhalabe amoyo, anali anzeru ndipo amawoneka osangalala kwambiri.
Mwana wopeza a Margot amakumbukira msonkhano wawo womaliza ndi Einstein kuchipatala ndi mawu awa:
Adalankhula modekha, za madotolo ngakhale ndi nthabwala zosakhalitsa, ndikudikirira kuti imfa yake ikhale "chodabwitsa cha chilengedwe" chomwe chikubwera. Momwe analiri wopanda mantha m'moyo, momwe adakhalira chete ndi wamtendere adakumana ndi imfa. Popanda malingaliro aliwonse komanso wopanda chisoni, adachoka padziko lino lapansi.
Albert Einstein adamwalira ku Princeton pa Epulo 18, 1955 ali ndi zaka 76. Asanamwalire, wasayansi ananena kena kake mu Chijeremani, koma namwino samatha kumvetsetsa tanthauzo la mawuwo, chifukwa samalankhula Chijeremani.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti Einstein, yemwe anali ndi malingaliro olakwika pamtundu uliwonse wamakhalidwe, adaletsa kuyika maliro mokweza ndi miyambo yayikulu. Ankafuna kuti malo ndi nthawi yomwe adzaikidwe m'manda zisadziwike.
Pa Epulo 19, 1955, maliro a wasayansi wamkulu adachitika mosadziwika bwino, omwe udachitikira anthu opitilira 10. Thupi lake lidatenthedwa ndipo phulusa lake lidabalalika ndi mphepo.
Zithunzi zonse zachilendo komanso zapadera za Einstein, onani apa.
