Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) - Wandale waku America, kazembe, wasayansi, wopanga, wolemba, mtolankhani, wofalitsa, freemason. M'modzi mwa atsogoleri a US War of Independence. Kuwonetsedwa pamtengo wa $ 100.
Bambo yekhayo amene adasaina zikalata zitatu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zidalimbikitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa United States ngati boma lodziyimira pawokha: United States Declaration of Independence, Constitution ya United States ndi Pangano la Versailles la 1783 (Second Paris Peace Treaty), yomwe idathetsa nkhondo yodziyimira pawokha yamayiko 13 aku Britain aku North America ochokera ku UK.
Pali zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Franklin, yomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, nayi mbiri yayifupi ya Benjamin Franklin.
Franklin Benjamin mbiri
Benjamin Franklin adabadwa pa Januware 17, 1706 ku Boston. Iye anakula ndipo anakulira m'banja lalikulu, pokhala wamng'ono kwambiri mwa ana 17.
Abambo ake, a Josiah Franklin, adapanga makandulo ndi sopo, ndipo amayi ake, Abia Folger, adakulitsa ana ndikuyang'anira banja.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Franklin Sr. anasamuka ku Britain kupita ku America ndi banja lake mu 1662. Iye anali wa Puritan, choncho ankaopa kuzunzidwa chifukwa cha chipembedzo kwawo.
Pamene Benjamin anali pafupi zaka 8, adapita kusukulu, komwe amangophunzira zaka ziwiri zokha. Izi zidachitika chifukwa choti abambo samatha kulipiranso maphunziro amwana wawo. Zotsatira zake, wopanga mtsogolo uja adadziphunzitsa yekha.
Masana, mwanayo ankathandiza bambo ake kupanga sopo, ndipo madzulo ankakhala pamabuku. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti adabwereka mabuku kwa abwenzi, popeza a Franklins sakanakwanitsa kugula.
Benjamin sanachite chidwi pantchito yakuthupi, zomwe zidakwiyitsa mutu wabanja. Kuphatikiza apo, analibe chikhumbo chokhala mtsogoleri wachipembedzo, monga bambo ake amafuna. Ali ndi zaka 12, adayamba kugwira ntchito yophunzitsa m'nyumba yosindikiza ya mchimwene wake James.
Kusindikiza kunakhala ntchito yayikulu ya Benjamin Franklin kwa zaka zambiri. Panthawiyo, mbiri yake, adayesa kulemba ma ballads, omwe m'modzi mwa iwo adafalitsidwa ndi mchimwene wake. Pamene a Franklin Sr. adazindikira izi, sanakonde, chifukwa m'maso mwake olemba ndakatulo anali achiwawa.
Benjamin adafuna kukhala mtolankhani James akangoyamba kufalitsa nyuzipepalayo. Komabe, amadziwa kuti izi zingakwiyitse bambo ake. Zotsatira zake, mnyamatayo adayamba kulemba zolemba ndi zolemba ngati mawonekedwe amakalata, pomwe adadzudzula mwanzeru zodetsa nkhawa pagulu.
M'makalata Franklin adayamba kunyoza, kuseka zoyipa za anthu. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, adafalitsidwa ndi dzina labodza, kubisalira owerenga dzina lake lenileni. Koma James atadziwa yemwe adalemba makalatawo, adathamangitsa mchimwene wake.
Izi zidapangitsa kuti a Benjamin athawire ku Philadelphia, komwe adapeza ntchito mnyumba yosindikiza. Kumeneko adadziwonetsera ngati katswiri waluso. Posakhalitsa adatumizidwa ku London kukagula makina ndikutsegula nyumba yosindikizira ku Philadelphia.
Mnyamatayo adakonda makina osindikiza aku England kotero kuti patatha zaka 10 adakhazikitsa nyumba yake yosindikiza. Chifukwa cha ichi, adakwanitsa kulandira ndalama zokhazikika ndikukhala munthu wodziyimira pawokha pazachuma. Zotsatira zake, a Franklin adatha kuyang'ana zandale komanso sayansi.
Ndale
Mbiri yandale ya Benjamin idayamba ku Philadelphia. Mu 1728, adatsegula gulu lokambirana, lomwe patatha zaka 15 lidakhala American Philosophical Society.
Pa moyo wa 1737-753. Franklin adagwira ntchito ya postmaster ku Pennsylvania, ndipo kuyambira 1753 mpaka 1774 - udindo womwewo m'malo onse a St. America. Kuphatikiza apo, adayambitsa University of Pennsylvania (1740), yomwe inali yunivesite yoyamba ku United States.
Kuyambira mu 1757, a Benjamin Franklin kwa zaka pafupifupi 13 adayimira zofuna za mayiko aku America aku 4 ku Britain, ndipo mu 1775 adakhala nthumwi ku 2 Congress of the Colonies ku Continent.
Pogwirizana ndi gulu lotsogozedwa ndi a Thomas Jefferson, mwamunayo adalemba zida (Great Seal) yaku United States. Atasaina Declaration of Independence (1776), Franklin adafika ku France, akufuna kupanga mgwirizano ndi Britain.
Chifukwa cha kuyesetsa kwa wandale, pafupifupi zaka 2 pambuyo pake mgwirizanowu udasainidwa ndi aku France. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti ku France adakhala membala wa Nine Sisters Masonic Lodge. Chifukwa chake, anali woyamba ku America Freemason.
M'zaka za m'ma 1780, a Benjamin Franklin adayenda ndi nthumwi zaku America kuti akambirane ku Great Britain, komwe Pangano la Versailles la 1783 linamalizidwa, lomwe linathetsa nkhondo ya Independence yaku US.
Kuyambira mu 1771, Franklin adalemba mbiri yakale, yomwe sanamalize. Ankafuna kuti amuwonetse ngati mawonekedwe, akufotokozera momwemo zinthu zingapo zosangalatsa m'moyo. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti buku "Autobiography" lidasindikizidwa atamwalira.
Malingaliro andale a Benjamin adakhazikitsidwa pamalingaliro aufulu wofunikira wa munthu aliyense - moyo, ufulu ndi katundu.
Malinga ndi malingaliro ake anzeru, anali wokonda kulambira - chikhalidwe chachipembedzo ndi nthanthi chomwe chimazindikira kukhalako kwa Mulungu ndi chilengedwe cha dziko lapansi mwa iye, koma amakana zochitika zambiri zamatsenga, vumbulutso laumulungu ndi chiphunzitso chachipembedzo.
Munthawi ya Nkhondo Yakusintha ku America, a Franklin adalemba buku la Colonial Union Plan. Kuphatikiza apo, anali mlangizi wa wamkulu wankhondo, a George Washington. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti Washington ndiye purezidenti woyamba kusankhidwa ku United States.
Mu 1778 France idakhala dziko loyamba ku Europe kuzindikira ufulu wa America.
Makhalidwe a Franklin
Benjamin Franklin anali munthu wachilendo kwambiri, zomwe zikuwonetsedwa osati ndi zomwe adachita, komanso ndemanga za omwe anali m'masiku ake. Monga katswiri wodziwa zachuma yemwe amatenga nawo mbali pazandale, komabe adayang'anitsitsa kusintha kwamakhalidwe.
Iye anali ndi dongosolo lonse la malingaliro pa moyo ndi makhalidwe abwino. Werengani zambiri zosangalatsa zamachitidwe amakono a Benjamin Franklin komanso machitidwe ake pano.
Mbiri ya Franklin imasindikizidwa ngati buku losiyana, lomwe lingagulidwe kusitolo yamalonda iliyonse. Lakhala buku lakale kwambiri kwa iwo omwe akutenga nawo gawo pakukula kwayekha. Ngati mukufuna chidwi cha Franklin komanso malo ake m'mbiri, kapena ngati mumakonda kudzipangira tokha, tikulimbikitsani kuti muwerenge buku labwino kwambiri ili.
Zopangira ndi Sayansi
Ngakhale ali mwana, a Benjamin Franklin adawonetsa luso lachilendo. Tsiku lina atafika kunyanja, adamangirira matabwa kumapazi ake, omwe adakhala zipsepse. Zotsatira zake, mnyamatayo adapitilira anyamata onse pampikisano wa ana.
Posakhalitsa Franklin adadabwitsanso anzawo pomanga kaiti. Anagona chagada pamadzi ndipo, atagwira chingwe, anathamangira pamwamba pamadzi, ngati kuti akuyenda panyanja.
Kukula, Benjamin adakhala mlembi wazambiri komanso zatsopano. Tiyeni tione zina mwa zinthu zomwe wasayansi Franklin anachita:
- Anapanga ndodo ya mphezi (ndodo ya mphezi);
- adayambitsa kutchulidwa kwa mayiko omwe ali ndi magetsi "+" ndi "-";
- adatsimikizira zamagetsi mphezi;
- analenga bifocals;
- Anapanga mpando wogwedeza, atalandira patent pakupanga kwake;
- adapanga chitofu chazachuma chothira nyumba, kusiya chilolezo - kuti athandize anthu onse;
- adasonkhanitsa zinthu zambiri pamphepo yamkuntho.
- potenga nawo mbali kwa wopangayo, miyezo idapangidwa ndikuthamanga, m'lifupi ndi kuya kwa Gulf Stream. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti pano pali dzina la a Franklin.
Izi sizinthu zonse za Benjamini, zomwe zimatha kudziwika pamagulu osiyanasiyana asayansi.
Moyo waumwini
Panali akazi ambiri mu mbiri ya Franklin. Zotsatira zake, adakonzekera kukwatiwa ndi msungwana wotchedwa Deborah Reed. Komabe, paulendo wopita ku London, adayamba chibwenzi ndi mwana wamkazi wa mwini nyumba yomwe amakhala.
Chifukwa cha ubalewu, a Benjamin adakhala ndi mwana wamwamuna wapathengo, William. Wasayansiyo atabwerera kunyumba ndi mwana wapathengo, Deborah anamukhululukira ndikumulera mwanayo. Panthawiyo, adakhalabe wamasiye wamasiye, wosiyidwa ndi amuna awo pothawa ngongole.
Muukwati waboma wa a Benjamin Franklin ndi a Deborah Reed, ana ena awiri adabadwa: mtsikana Sarah ndi mnyamata Francis, yemwe adamwalira ndi nthomba kuyambira ali mwana. Awiriwa sanasangalale limodzi, ndichifukwa chake amakhala zaka 2 zokha.
Mwamunayo anali ndi ambuye ambiri. Cha m'ma 1750, adayamba chibwenzi ndi Catherine Ray, yemwe adalemberana nawo moyo wake wonse. Ubale ndi mwini nyumbayo, komwe Benjamin amakhala ndi banja lake, zidapitilira kwa zaka zingapo.
Pamene Franklin anali ndi zaka 70, adakondana ndi mayi wazaka 30 waku France Brillon de Jouy, yemwe anali chikondi chake chomaliza.
Imfa
Benjamin Franklin anamwalira pa Epulo 17, 1790 ali ndi zaka 84. Pafupifupi anthu 20,000 adabwera kudzatsazika wandale komanso wasayansi wamkulu, pomwe anthu amzindawu anali pafupifupi nzika za 33,000. Atamwalira, nthawi yolira miyezi iwiri idalengezedwa ku United States.
Chithunzi ndi Benjamin Franklin
