Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (1844-1900) - Waku Germany woganiza, katswiri wamaphunziro apamwamba, wolemba nyimbo, wolemba ndakatulo, wopanga chiphunzitso chanzeru chaumulungu, chomwe sichophunzira mwachilengedwe ndipo chimafalikira kupitilira asayansi komanso anzeru.
Lingaliro lofunikira limaphatikizapo njira zowunika zowunika zenizeni, zomwe zimakayikira mfundo zoyambira zamakhalidwe, chipembedzo, chikhalidwe komanso ubale wazandale. Zolembedwa mwachinyengo, ntchito za Nietzsche zimawoneka mosamvetseka, zomwe zimayambitsa zokambirana zambiri.
Pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Nietzsche, yomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Kotero, patsogolo panu pali mbiri yochepa ya Friedrich Nietzsche.
Mbiri ya Nietzsche
Friedrich Nietzsche adabadwa pa Okutobala 15, 1844 m'mudzi waku Germany wa Recken. Iye anakula ndipo anakulira m'banja la m'busa wa Lutheran Karl Ludwig. Anali ndi mlongo wake, Elizabeth, ndi mchimwene wake, Ludwig Joseph, yemwe adamwalira adakali mwana.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Vuto loyamba mu mbiri ya Friedrich lidachitika ali ndi zaka 5 bambo ake atamwalira. Zotsatira zake, kuleredwa ndi chisamaliro cha ana zidagwera pamapewa a amayi.
Pamene Nietzsche anali ndi zaka 14, adayamba maphunziro ake pa bwalo lochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi, komwe adaphunzira mabuku akale mwachidwi, komanso amakonda nyimbo ndi nzeru. Ali ndi zaka zimenezo, adayamba kuyesa kulemba.
Pambuyo pa zaka 4, Friedrich adakhoza bwino mayeso ku Yunivesite ya Bonn, posankha zamatsenga ndi zamulungu. Moyo watsiku ndi tsiku waophunzira unamutopetsa, ndipo ubale wake ndi ophunzira nawo anali oyipa kwambiri. Pachifukwa ichi, adaganiza zopita ku University of Leipzig, yomwe lero ndi yunivesite yachiwiri yakale kwambiri m'chigawo chamakono cha Germany.
Komabe, ngakhale pano kuphunzira philology sikunabweretse chisangalalo ku Nietzsche. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, anali wopambana kwambiri pankhani ya sayansi kotero kuti pamene anali ndi zaka 24 zokha, anapatsidwa udindo wa pulofesa wa maphunziro a zamaphunziro pa yunivesite ya Basel (Switzerland).
Izi zinali zisanachitikepo m'mbiri yamayunivesite aku Europe. Komabe, Frederick sanasangalale kwambiri ndi kuphunzitsa, ngakhale sanasiye ntchito yake yophunzitsa.
Atagwira ntchito ngati mphunzitsi kwakanthawi, Nietzsche adaganiza zokana kukhala nzika zaku Prussia. Izi zidapangitsa kuti pambuyo pake asatenge nawo gawo pankhondo ya Franco-Prussian, yomwe idayamba mu 1870. Popeza Switzerland idalibe zipani zilizonse zomenyera nkhondo, boma lidaletsa wafilosofayo kuti asatenge nawo gawo pankhondoyo.
Komabe, akuluakulu aku Switzerland adalola Friedrich Nietzsche kupita kukagwira ntchito zadongosolo. Izi zidapangitsa kuti pamene mnyamatayo amayenda ndi ngolo ndi asirikali ovulala, adadwala kamwazi ndi diphtheria.
Mwa njira, Nietzsche anali mwana wodwala kuyambira ali mwana. Nthawi zambiri ankadwala tulo komanso ankadwala mutu, ndipo pofika zaka 30 anali pafupifupi wakhungu. Anamaliza ntchito yake ku Basel mu 1879 atapuma pantchito ndikulemba.
Nzeru
Ntchito yoyamba ya Friedrich Nietzsche idasindikizidwa mu 1872 ndipo idatchedwa "Kubadwa Kwatsoka kuchokera ku Mzimu Wanyimbo." Mmenemo, wolemba adafotokoza malingaliro ake pazinthu ziwiri (zomwe zili ndi mfundo ziwiri zosiyana) zoyambira zaluso.
Pambuyo pake, adafalitsa mabuku enanso angapo, pomwe yotchuka kwambiri inali buku lafilosofi Thus Spoke Zarathustra. Mu ntchitoyi, wafilosofi anafotokoza malingaliro ake akuluakulu.
Bukulo lidadzudzula chikhristu ndikulalikira zotsutsana ndi theism - kukana chikhulupiriro mwa mulungu aliyense. Anaperekanso lingaliro la munthu wopambana, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti cholengedwa china chopambana mphamvu kwa munthu wamakono monga momwe chimapambanirana ndi nyani.
Kuti apange ntchito yofunika iyi, Nietzsche adalimbikitsidwa ndi ulendo wopita ku Roma kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, komwe adadziwana bwino ndi wolemba komanso wafilosofi Lou Salome.
Friedrich adapeza mzimu wachibale mwa mkazi, yemwe samangokhala nawo chidwi, komanso kuti akambirane malingaliro atsopano anzeru. Adamupatsanso dzanja ndi mtima, koma Lou adamupempha kuti akhalebe abwenzi.
Elizabeth, mlongo wake wa Nietzsche, sanakhutire ndi zomwe Salome adachita pa mchimwene wake ndipo adaganiza zothetsa mikangano ndi abwenzi ake. Adalemba kalata yokwiya kwa mayiyo, zomwe zidadzetsa mkangano pakati pa Lou ndi Frederick. Kuyambira pamenepo, sanayankhulenso.
Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti mu gawo loyamba mwa magawo anayi a ntchitoyi "Thus Spoke Zarathustra", chikoka cha Salome Lou pa woganiza chidatsatiridwa, limodzi ndi "ubwenzi wabwino ". Chosangalatsa ndichakuti gawo lachinayi la bukuli lidasindikizidwa mu 1885 m'makope 40 okha, pomwe Nietzsche idapereka kwa abwenzi.
Imodzi mwa ntchito zomaliza za Friedrich ndi The Will to Power. Ikulongosola zomwe Nietzsche adaziwona ngati chida chachikulu choyendetsera anthu - kufunitsitsa kukwaniritsa udindo wapamwamba pamoyo.
Wolingalirayo anali m'modzi mwa oyamba kufunsa za mgwirizanowu, zomwe zimapangitsa chifuniro, chowonadi ngati maziko amodzi adziko lapansi, komanso kuthekera kolungamitsidwa kwamachitidwe.
Moyo waumwini
Olemba mbiri ya Friedrich Nietzsche sangavomerezane momwe amachitira ndi akazi. Wafilosofi nthawi ina ananena izi: "Akazi ndi omwe amayambitsa zopusa komanso zopusa padziko lapansi."
Komabe, popeza pamoyo wake Frederick adasintha malingaliro ake mobwerezabwereza, adakwanitsa kukhala wotsutsana ndi akazi, wokonda zachikazi, komanso wotsutsa. Nthawi yomweyo, mayi yekhayo amene amamukonda anali, Lou Salome. Kaya adakhudzika ndi anthu ena azigonana zosadziwika sizidziwika.
Kwa nthawi yayitali, mwamunayo adakondana ndi mlongo wake, yemwe amamuthandiza pantchito yake ndikumusamalira munjira iliyonse. Popita nthawi, ubale pakati pa mlongo ndi mchimwene wake udawonongeka.
Elizabeth adakwatirana ndi Bernard Foerster, yemwe anali wochirikiza kulimbana ndi Semitism. Mtsikanayo amanyozanso Ayuda, zomwe zinakwiyitsa Frederick. Ubale wawo unakula kokha m'zaka zomaliza za moyo wa wafilosofi yemwe amafunikira thandizo.
Zotsatira zake, Elizabeti adayamba kutaya cholowa cha mchimwene wake, ndikupanga zosintha zambiri pantchito zake. Izi zidapangitsa kuti malingaliro ena a woganiza asinthe.
Mu 1930, mayiyu adakhala othandizira ziphunzitso za Nazi ndipo adapempha Hitler kuti akhale mlendo wolemekezeka ku Nietzsche Museum-Archive, yomwe adayambitsa yekha. Fuehrer adayenderadi nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale kangapo ndipo analamula kuti Elizabeth apatsidwe penshoni ya moyo.
Imfa
Zochita za mwamunayo zidatha pafupifupi chaka chimodzi asanamwalire, chifukwa chamanjenje m'maganizo mwake. Izi zidachitika atagwidwa ndikumenya kavalo pamaso pake.
Malinga ndi mtundu wina, Frederick adadzidzimuka kwambiri akuwona kumenyedwa kwa nyama, komwe kudadzetsa matenda amisala. Anamulowetsa kuchipatala cha amisala ku Switzerland, komwe adakhala mpaka 1890.
Pambuyo pake, mayi wachikulireyo adatenga mwana wawo wamwamuna kupita naye kunyumba. Atamwalira, adalandira zikwapu ziwiri zopanda madzi, zomwe samatha kuchira. Friedrich Nietzsche adamwalira pa Ogasiti 25, 1900 ali ndi zaka 55.
Zithunzi za Nietzsche
