Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) - Katswiri wazakuthambo waku Poland, masamu, makaniko, wachuma komanso wazamulungu. Iye ndiye woyambitsa dongosolo lazinthu zakuthambo padziko lapansi, lomwe lidayamba chiyambi cha kusintha koyambirira kwasayansi.
Pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Copernicus, zomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, patsogolo panu pali mbiri yayifupi ya Nicolaus Copernicus.
Mbiri ya Copernicus
Nicolaus Copernicus adabadwa pa February 19, 1473 mumzinda wa Prussian wa Torun, womwe tsopano ndi gawo la Poland lamakono. Anakulira m'mabanja olemera a Nicolaus Copernicus Sr. ndi mkazi wake Barbara Watzenrode.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Banja la Copernicus linali ndi anyamata awiri - Nikolai ndi Andrey, ndi atsikana awiri - Barbara ndi Katerina. Vuto loyamba mu mbiri ya katswiri wazakuthambo wamtsogolo lidachitika ali ndi zaka 9, pomwe bambo ake adamwalira.
Mutu wa banjali adamwalira ndi mliri womwe udachitika ku Europe. Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, amayi a Nikolai adamwalira, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti amalume awo a Lukasz Watzenrode, omwe anali ovomerezeka ku dayosizi yakomweko, adakula.
Chifukwa cha khama la amalume ake, Nikolai, pamodzi ndi mchimwene wake Andrey, adatha kupeza maphunziro abwino. Atamaliza sukulu, Copernicus wazaka 18 adalowa University of Krakow.
Nthawi yonseyi, mnyamatayo adachita chidwi ndi masamu, zamankhwala ndi zamulungu. Komabe, ankakonda kwambiri sayansi ya zakuthambo.
Sayansi
Atamaliza maphunziro awo ku yunivesite, abale a Copernicus adapita ku Italy, komwe adakhala ophunzira ku University of Bologna. Kuphatikiza pa maphunziro achikhalidwe, Nikolai adatha kupitiliza kuphunzira zakuthambo motsogozedwa ndi katswiri wazakuthambo Domenico Novara.
Nthawi yomweyo, ku Poland, a Copernicus adasankhidwa mosavomerezeka m'malamulo a dayosiziyi. Izi zidachitika chifukwa cha kuyesetsa kwa amalume ake, omwe anali kale bishopu.
Mu 1497, Nikolai, pamodzi ndi Novara, adawunika zakuthambo. Chifukwa cha kafukufuku wake, adazindikira kuti mtunda wopita kumwezi mu quadrature ndi wofanana ndi mwezi komanso mwezi wathunthu. Izi kwa nthawi yoyamba zidakakamiza wophunzirayo kuti asinthe malingaliro a Ptolemy, pomwe Dzuwa, pamodzi ndi mapulaneti ena, zidazungulira Dziko Lapansi.
Pambuyo pa zaka zitatu, Copernicus aganiza zosiya maphunziro ake ku yunivesite, komwe amaphunzira zamalamulo, zilankhulo zakale ndi zamulungu. Mnyamatayo amapita ku Roma, komwe, malinga ndi magwero ena, saphunzitsa kwanthawi yayitali.
Pambuyo pake, abale a ku Copernican adalowa University of Padua, komwe adaphunzirira zamankhwala. Mu 1503 Nikolai anamaliza maphunziro awo ku yunivesite ndipo adalandira digiri yaukadaulo yamalamulo ovomerezeka. Kwa zaka zitatu zotsatira adachita zamadokotala ku Padua.
Kenako mwamunayo adabwerera kwawo ku Poland. Apa adaphunzira zakuthambo kwazaka pafupifupi 6, akuphunzira mosamala kayendedwe ndi malo azinthu zakuthambo. Limodzi ndi izi, adaphunzitsa ku Krakow, anali dokotala komanso mlembi wa amalume ake.
Mu 1512, amalume ake a Lukash amwalira, pambuyo pake Nicolaus Copernicus amalumikiza moyo wake ndi ntchito zauzimu. Ndiulamuliro waukulu, adatumikira ngati trastiki wamkulu ndipo adalamulira dayosiziyi yonse pomwe Bishop Ferber adamva kuwawa.
Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, Copernicus sanasiye sayansi ya zakuthambo. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti adakonzekeretsa imodzi mwa nsanja za Frombork kuti ziziyang'anira.
Wasayansi anali ndi mwayi kuti ntchito zake zinamalizidwa kokha m'zaka zomaliza za moyo wake, ndipo mabukuwo anafalitsidwa atamwalira. Chifukwa chake, adatha kupewa kuzunzidwa ndi tchalitchi chifukwa cha malingaliro osagwirizana ndi mabodza am'mlengalenga.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti kuwonjezera pa zakuthambo, Copernicus adakwanitsa kuchita bwino kwambiri m'malo ena. Malinga ndi ntchito yake, ndalama zatsopano zidapangidwa ku Poland ndipo makina amadzimadzi adapangidwa kuti azipezera madzi nyumba zogona.
Dongosolo loyendera magetsi
Pogwiritsa ntchito zida zophweka zakuthambo, Nicolaus Copernicus adatha kupeza ndikutsimikizira chiphunzitso cha mapulaneti ozungulira dzuwa, omwe anali osiyana kwambiri ndi mtundu wa Ptolemaic wa chilengedwe chonse.
Mwamunayo ananena kuti Dzuwa ndi mapulaneti ena sizungulira Dziko Lapansi, ndipo zonse zimachitika chimodzimodzi mosiyana. Nthawi yomweyo, amakhulupirira molakwika kuti nyenyezi zakutali ndi zounikira zowoneka padziko lapansi zakhazikika pamalo apadera ozungulira dziko lathuli.
Izi zidachitika chifukwa chosowa zida zabwino zaukadaulo. Panalibe telesikopu imodzi ku Europe panthawiyo. Ndicho chifukwa chake katswiri wa zakuthambo samakhala wolondola nthawi zonse pamaganizidwe ake.
Ntchito yayikulu komanso pafupifupi ntchito yokhayo ya Copernicus ndi "Pakuzungulira kwa malo akumwamba" (1543). Modabwitsa, zinamutengera zaka 40 kuti alembe ntchitoyi - mpaka imfa yake!
Bukuli linali ndi magawo 6 ndipo munali malingaliro angapo osintha. Malingaliro a Copernicus anali osangalatsa pa nthawi yake kotero kuti nthawi ina amafuna kuwauza za abwenzi apamtima okha.
Makina a Copernicus 'heliocentric amatha kuyimiriridwa m'mawu otsatirawa:
- malo ndi malo ozungulira alibe malo amodzi;
- pakati pa dziko lapansi si pakati pa chilengedwe;
- mapulaneti onse amayenda mozungulira dzuwa, chifukwa chake nyenyezi iyi ili pakatikati pa chilengedwe;
- kusuntha kwadzuwa kwa Dzuwa ndikulingalira, ndipo kumachitika kokha chifukwa cha kuzungulira kwa Dziko Lapansi mozungulira mwake;
- Dziko lapansi ndi mapulaneti ena amazungulira Dzuwa, chifukwa chake mayendedwe omwe, monga zikuwonekera, nyenyezi yathu imapanga, amakonzedwa kokha chifukwa cha kuyenda kwa Dziko Lapansi.
Ngakhale panali zolakwika zina, mtundu wa dziko lapansi wa Copernicus udakhudza kwambiri chitukuko cha zakuthambo ndi sayansi ina.
Moyo waumwini
Nikolai adayamba kumva chikondi ali ndi zaka 48. Anayamba kukondana ndi mtsikana Anna, yemwe anali mwana wa mnzake.
Popeza ansembe achikatolika sanaloledwe kukwatira ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ubale ndi akazi, wasayansiyo adakhazikitsa wokondedwa wake kunyumba, ndikumuwonetsa ngati wachibale wake wapafupi komanso wosunga nyumba.
Patapita nthawi, Anna anakakamizika kuchoka panyumba ya Copernicus, ndipo kenako anasiya mzindawo. Izi zidachitika chifukwa bishopu watsopanoyu adauza a Nicholas kuti machitidwe otere samalandiridwa ndi tchalitchicho. Wophunzira zakuthambo sanakwatire ndipo sanasiye mwana.
Imfa
Mu 1531 Copernicus adapuma pantchito ndipo adangoganizira zolemba zake. Mu 1542, thanzi lake lidachepa kwambiri - ziwalo zakumanja zidabwera.
Nicolaus Copernicus anamwalira pa Meyi 24, 1543 ali ndi zaka 70. Chifukwa cha imfa yake chinali sitiroko.
Zithunzi za Copernicus
