Guy Julius Caesar (100-44 BC, wolamulira mwankhanza 49, 48-47 ndi 46-44 BC, papa wamkulu kuyambira 63 BC
Kaisara adalumikiza ku Republic la Roma gawo lalikulu kuchokera kunyanja ya Atlantic kupita ku Rhine, kutchuka ngati mtsogoleri waluso waluso.
Ngakhale panthawi ya moyo wa Kaisara, deification yake idayamba, dzina laulemu la wamkulu wopambana "emperor" lidakhala gawo la dzina lake. Maina a Kaiser ndi a Tsar amabwerera ku dzina la Julius Caesar, komanso dzina la mwezi wachisanu ndi chiwiri mchaka - Julayi.
Pali zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Kaisara, zomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, patsogolo panu pali mbiri yayifupi ya Guy Julius Caesar.
Mbiri ya Kaisara
Amakhulupirira kuti Gaius Julius Caesar adabadwa pa Julayi 12, 100 BC, ngakhale pali matanthauzidwe akuti adabadwa mu 101 kapena 102 BC. Iye anakula ndipo anakulira m'banja patrician Julian.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti okonda zachilengedwe anali anthu ochokera m'mabanja oyamba achi Roma, omwe anali olamulira ndipo anali ndi malo aboma mmanja mwawo.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Ubwana wonse wa Gaius Julius Caesar udakhala ku Subur - umodzi mwa zigawo za Roma. Abambo a wamkulu wamtsogolo, Gaius Julius, anali ndi udindo waboma, ndipo amayi ake adachokera kubanja lolemekezeka la Kott.
Chifukwa makolo a Kaisara anali olemera, adalembera aphunzitsi mwana wawo wamwamuna yemwe adamuphunzitsa Chigiriki, filosofi, mabuku komanso kuyankhula pagulu. Mmodzi mwa aphunzitsi a mnyamatayo anali a Gnifon odziwika bwino, omwe adaphunzitsanso Cicero.
Dera la Subur, komwe banja la Yuliev limakhala, linali losagwira. Munali mahule ambiri komanso opemphapempha.
Vuto loyamba mu mbiri ya Guy Julius Caesar lidachitika ali ndi zaka 15, pomwe abambo ake adamwalira. Pambuyo pa imfa ya kholo, mnyamatayo, makamaka, adatsogolera banja lonse la Yuliev, chifukwa abale onse apamtima omwe anali akulu kuposa iye anamwalira.
Ndale
Kaisara atakwanitsa zaka 13, adasankhidwa kukhala wansembe wa mulungu wotchedwa Jupiter, yemwe panthawiyo ankadziwika kuti anali wolemekezeka kwambiri. Kuti achite izi, amayenera kukwatira mwana wamkazi wa mtsogoleri wankhondo Cinna - Cornelia, chifukwa amakhoza kukhala wansembe pokhapokha atakwatira mtsikana wochokera kubanja la makolo.
Mu 82, Kaisara adakakamizidwa kuchoka ku Roma, popeza wolamulira mwankhanza wamagazi Lucius Cornelius Sulla adakhala mtsogoleri wawo. Wolamulira mwankhanza anamuuza kuti athetse banja la Cornelia, koma iye anakana kumvera. Guy nayenso anakwiyitsa Sulla chifukwa chakuti anali wachibale wa adani ake - Guy Maria ndi Cinna.
Kaisara adalandidwa udindo wa Flamin komanso katundu wake. Mnyamatayo adathawa ku Roma atamunamizira kuti adapempha wopemphapempha. Pambuyo pake, abwenzi ake adalimbikitsa Sulla kuti amuchitire chifundo Julia, chifukwa chake mnyamatayo adaloledwa kubwerera kudziko lakwawo.
Kwa Aroma, ulamuliro wa Sulla unali wosapiririka. Panthawiyo, Gaius Julius Caesar adakhazikika m'chigawo chimodzi cha Asia Minor, komwe adayamba kuphunzira zaluso zankhondo. Kumeneko anayamba kugwirizana ndi a Mark Minucius Therma, omwe ankachita nawo nkhondo yolimbana ndi mzinda wachi Greek wotchedwa Methylene.
Munthawi yamzindawu, Kaisara adadziwonetsa ngati wankhondo wolimba mtima. Kuphatikiza apo, adakwanitsa kupulumutsa mnzake ndikulandila mphotho yachiwiri yofunika kwambiri pantchito yake - korona waboma (oak wreath).
Mu 78 g. Marcus Aemilius Lepidus adayesa kupanga coup ku Roma ndipo potero adalanda Sulla. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti Marko adapatsa Kaisara kuti akhale mnzake, koma adakana.
Wolamulira mwankhanza atamwalira mu 77, Guy adafuna kuweruza anthu awiri amalingaliro ofanana a Sulla - Gnaeus Cornelius Dolabella ndi Guy Anthony Gabrida. Adawimba mlandu, koma palibe m'modzi yemwe adaweruzidwapo.
Pachifukwa ichi, Julius adaganiza zakuwonjezera luso lake pakulankhula. Anapita ku Rhodes kuti akaphunzire kuchokera kwa wolemba zamatsenga Apollonius Molon. Ali panjira yopita ku Rhode, adagwidwa ndi achifwamba aku Cilician. Olanda aja atadziwa kuti wamndendeyo ndi ndani, adamfunsa dipo lalikulu.
Olemba mbiri ya Kaisara akuti ali mu ukapolo adachita ulemu komanso kuseka nawo achifwamba. Achifwambawo atangolandira dipo ndikumumasula wamndendeyo, Julius nthawi yomweyo adakonzekeretsa gulu lankhondo nanyamuka kutsata olakwawo. Atakumana ndi achifwambawo, adawalamulira kuti aphedwe.
Mu 73, Caesar adakhala membala wa koleji yayikulu kwambiri ya ansembe. Pambuyo pake adasankhidwa kukhala mbuye wachiroma, pambuyo pake adayamba kuchita nawo zokonzanso mzindawo. Mwamunayo amakonza mobwerezabwereza zikondwerero zazikulu ndikupereka mphatso kwa osauka. Kuphatikiza apo, adakonzanso Appian Way yotchuka ndi ndalama zake.
Atakhala senator, Julius adatchuka kwambiri. Amatenga nawo mbali mu "Leges frumentariae" ("Malamulo a Mkate"), yomwe idapatsa Aroma ufulu wogula mkate pamitengo yotsika kapena kuulandira kwaulere. Anakonzanso ndikusintha zingapo m'malo osiyanasiyana.
Nkhondo
Nkhondo ya Gallic imawerengedwa kuti ndiwofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya Roma wakale komanso mbiri ya Guy Julius Caesar. Pa nthawiyo, anali kazembe.
Kaisara adapita kukakambirana ndi mutu wa fuko la a Celtic ku Geneva, popeza a Helveti adakakamizidwa kuti asamukire kudera la Ufumu wa Roma chifukwa cha ziwopsezo zaku Germany.
Julius adatha kuletsa a Helveti kuti asalowe mmaiko a Riphabliki ya Roma, ndipo atasamukira kudera la fuko la Aedui lolumikizana ndi Aroma, Guy adawagonjetsa ndi kuwagonjetsa.
Pambuyo pake, a Caesar adagonjetsa a Suevi aku Germany, omwe adatenga madera a Gallic ndipo anali m'mbali mwa Mtsinje wa Rhine. Mu 55, adagonjetsa mafuko aku Germany, ndikulowa m'dera lawo.
Guy Julius Caesar ndiye wamkulu wakale wachiroma wakale yemwe adakwanitsa kupanga gulu lankhondo labwino ku Rhine: ankhondo ake anali kuyenda pamlatho wopangidwa mwaluso kwambiri wa mita 400. Komabe, gulu lankhondo silinakhale ku Germany, posankha kupita kunkhondo ku Britain.
Kumeneko, Kaisara anapambana kupambana kodabwitsa, koma posakhalitsa adayenera kubwerera, chifukwa gulu lankhondo lake silinakhazikike. Komanso, panthawiyo anakakamizika kubwerera ku Gaul kuti athetse chisokonezo. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti gulu lankhondo la Aroma linali locheperako poyerekeza ndi gulu lankhondo la a Gauls, koma chifukwa cha machitidwe ndi luso la Julius, adatha kuwagonjetsa.
Pofika AD 50, Kaisara adabwezeretsa madera omwe anali Republic of Roman. Zolemba za wamkulu wankhondo kuti samangokhala waluso komanso waluso, komanso kazembe wabwino kwambiri. Adakwanitsa kupusitsa atsogoleri achi Gallic ndikubweretsa kusagwirizana pakati pawo.
Ulamuliro wankhanza
Gaius Julius Caesar atadzilamulira yekha, adakhala wolamulira mwankhanza ku Roma, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino udindo wake. Adalamula kuti asinthe momwe Nyumba ya Senate idasinthira, komanso kusintha machitidwe azachuma mdziko la Republic.
Anthu ochokera m'magulu apansi adasiya kuyesetsa kuti apite ku Roma, chifukwa Kaisara adaletsa kulipira ndalama ndikuchepetsa kugawa mkate.
Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, wolamulira mwankhanza anali kugwira nawo ntchito zowonjezera ufumuwo. Ku Roma, Nyumba ya Divine Julius idamangidwa, pomwe msonkhano wa Senate udachitikira. Kuphatikiza apo, pakati pa mzindawo panali chifanizo cha mulungu wamkazi Venus, popeza Kaisara adalengeza mobwerezabwereza kuti oimira banja la a Julian Caesar ndi achibale ake.
Kaisara adasankhidwa kukhala mfumu, zithunzi zake ndi ziboliboli zokongoletsa akachisi ndi misewu yamizinda. Chilichonse mwa ziganizo zake chinkatengedwa ngati lamulo lomwe silingaphwanyidwe.
Mtsogoleriyo adafuna kukwaniritsa umunthu wake, makamaka pa Alexander the Great, yemwe adatsata miyambo yaboma kuchokera kwa Aperisi omwe adagonjetsedwa.
Zaka zingapo asanamwalire, Kaisara adalengeza zosintha kalendala ya Roma. M'malo mwa mwezi, kalendala yoyendera dzuwa idayambitsidwa, yomwe inali ndi masiku 365 ndi tsiku limodzi lowonjezera zaka zinayi zilizonse.
Kuyambira mu 45, kalendala yatsopano, yomwe masiku ano imadziwika kuti kalendala ya Julian, idayamba kugwira ntchito. Anagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Europe pafupifupi zaka mazana 16, mpaka pomwe, malinga ndi lamulo la Papa Gregory 13, kalendala yosinthidwa pang'ono, yotchedwa Gregory.
Moyo waumwini
Kwa zaka zambiri za mbiri yake, Kaisara adakwatirana katatu. Udindo waubwenzi wake ndi Cossutia, msungwana wochokera kubanja lolemera, sizikudziwika bwino chifukwa chosasunga zikalata zokhudzana ndi unyamata wa wamkuluyo.
Amakhulupirira kuti Julius ndi Cossutia anali pachibwenzi, ngakhale Plutarch adatcha mtsikanayo kukhala mkazi wake. Kulekana ndi Cossutia zikuwoneka kuti zidachitika mu 84 g. Posakhalitsa mwamunayo adakwatirana ndi Cornelia, yemwe adabereka mwana wake wamkazi Julia. Mu 69, Cornelia adamwalira pakubadwa kwa mwana wake wachiwiri, yemwenso sanapulumuke.
Mkazi wachiwiri wa Gaius Julius Caesar anali Pompey, mdzukulu wa wolamulira mwankhanza Lucius Sulla. Ukwati unatha zaka 5. Kwa nthawi yachitatu, mfumu idakwatirana ndi Calpurnia, yemwe adachokera ku mzera waulemerero wa plebeian. Muukwati wachiwiri ndi wachitatu, analibe mwana.
Pa moyo wake wonse, Kaisara anali ndi akazi ambiri, kuphatikiza Servilia. Anadzichepetsa kwa Servilia, kuyesa kukwaniritsa zofuna za mwana wake Brutus ndikumupanga kukhala m'modzi mwa anthu oyamba ku Roma. Palinso zidziwitso kuti Guy akuti adagonana ndi amuna.
Mkazi wodziwika kwambiri wa Kaisara ndi mfumukazi yaku Aigupto Cleopatra. Chikondi chawo idyll zidatha pafupifupi zaka 2.5, mpaka kuphedwa kwa mfumu. Kuchokera ku Cleopatra adakhala ndi mwana wamwamuna, Ptolemy Caesarion.
Imfa
Gaius Julius Caesar adamwalira pa Marichi 15, 44 BC ali ndi zaka 55. Adamwalira chifukwa cha chiwembu cha ma senema omwe sanasangalale ndi ulamuliro wake. Chiwembucho chidakhudza anthu 14, omwe ambiri mwa iwo anali a Mark Junius Brutus, mwana wamwamuna wa ambuye mwankhanza.
Caesar amakonda kwambiri a Brutus ndipo amamusamalira kwambiri. Komabe, wachinyamata wosayamikirayo chifukwa chandale adapereka mwayi kwa abwana ake.
Achiwembuwo adagwirizana kuti aliyense wa iwo amenyetse Julius chikwapu chimodzi ndi lupanga. Malinga ndi wolemba mbiri Suetonius, Kaisara ataona a Brutus, adamufunsa funso: "Ndipo iwe, mwana wanga?"
Imfa ya wamkulu wankhondo idalimbikitsa kugwa kwa Ufumu wa Roma. Aroma, omwe ankakonda mfumu yawo, atamva za izi, anakwiya kwambiri. Komabe, zinali zosatheka kale kusintha chilichonse. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti wolowa m'malo yekhayo amatchedwa Kaisara - Guy Octavian.
Zithunzi za Kaisara
