Wotchedwa Dmitry Dmitrievich Shostakovich (1906-1975) - Wolemba Russia ndi Soviet, woyimba piyano ndi nyimbo People's Artist of USSR komanso wopambana mphotho zambiri zapamwamba.
Mmodzi mwa omwe adalemba kwambiri mzaka za zana la 20, wolemba ma symphony 15 ndi ma quartet 15, makonsati 6, ma opera atatu, ma ballets atatu, ntchito zambiri zanyimbo zanyumba.
Mbiri ya Shostakovich ili ndi zambiri zosangalatsa, zomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Kotero, patsogolo panu pali mbiri yochepa ya Dmitry Shostakovich.
Wambiri Shostakovich
Dmitry Shostakovich adabadwa pa Seputembara 12 (25), 1906. Abambo ake, a Dmitry Boleslavovich, adachita maphunziro a fizikiya ndi masamu ku Yunivesite ya St.
Mayi wolemba, Sofya Vasilevny, anali limba. Zinali iye amene anaphunzitsa kukonda nyimbo mu ana onse atatu: wotchedwa Dmitry, Maria ndi Zoya.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Pamene Shostakovich anali pafupi zaka 9, makolo ake anamutumiza ku Commerce Gymnasium. Nthawi yomweyo, amayi ake adamuphunzitsa kusewera piyano. Pasanapite nthawi anamutengera mwana wake kusukulu ya nyimbo ya aphunzitsi odziwika bwino a Glasser.
Motsogozedwa ndi Glasser, Dmitry adakwanitsa kuchita limba, koma aphunzitsiwo sanamuphunzitse kapangidwe kake, chifukwa chake mnyamatayo adasiya sukulu patatha zaka zitatu.
Munthawi imeneyi ya mbiri yake, Shostakovich wazaka 11 adawona chochitika chowopsa chomwe chidakumbukirabe kwa moyo wake wonse. Pamaso pake, Cossack, anabalalitsa khamu la anthu, kudula mwana ndi lupanga. Pambuyo pake, wolemba wachichepereyu adzalemba ntchito "Maliro a March pokumbukira omwe adachitidwa chipongwechi", potengera kukumbukira zomwe zidachitika.
Mu 1919 wotchedwa Dmitry bwinobwino mayeso mayeso pa Petrograd Conservatory. Kuphatikiza apo, anali kuchita nawo. Patadutsa miyezi ingapo, mnyamatayo adalemba ntchito yake yoyamba yayikulu - "Scherzo fis-moll".
Chaka chotsatira Shostakovich adalowa kalasi ya piano ya Leonid Nikolaev. Anayamba kupita ku Anna Vogt Circle, yomwe imayang'ana oyimba akumadzulo.
Dmitry Shostakovich adaphunzira ku Conservatory mwachangu kwambiri, ngakhale panali nthawi zovuta zomwe zidasesa Russia nthawi imeneyo: Nkhondo Yadziko I (1914-1918), October Revolution, njala. Pafupifupi tsiku lililonse amatha kuwonekera ku Philharmonic yakomweko, komwe amamvera mosangalala kwambiri pamakonsati.
Malinga ndi wolemba panthawiyo, chifukwa cha kufooka kwakuthupi, amayenera kupita kumalo osungira mwendo wapansi. Ichi chinali chifukwa chakuti wotchedwa Dmitry chabe analibe mphamvu kufinya mu tram, amene mazana a anthu anali kuyesera kuti alowe.
Atakumana ndi mavuto azachuma, Shostakovich adapeza ntchito mu kanema ngati taper - woyimba piyano yemwe adatsagana ndi mafilimu opanda phokoso ndi zomwe amachita. Shostakovich anakumbukira nthawi iyi monyansidwa. Ntchitoyi inali ya malipiro ochepa komanso inali ndi mphamvu zambiri.
Panthawiyo, thandizo lalikulu ndi chithandizo kwa woyimbayo zidaperekedwa ndi pulofesa wa St. Petersburg Conservatory Alexander Glazunov, yemwe adatha kumpezera chakudya chowonjezera komanso maphunziro ake.
Mu 1923 Shostakovich anamaliza maphunziro ake pa Conservatory mu limba, ndipo patapita zaka zingapo atapangidwa.
Chilengedwe
Cha m'ma 1920, talente ya Dmitry idazindikiridwa ndi woyang'anira waku Germany Bruno Walter, yemwe adapita kukayendera Soviet Union. Anapempha wolemba nyimbo wachichepere kuti amutumize ku Germany mphambu ya First Symphony, yomwe Shostakovich adalemba ali mwana.
Zotsatira zake, Bruno adachita chidutswa ndi woimba waku Russia ku Berlin. Pambuyo pake, Symphony Yoyamba idachitidwa ndi akatswiri ena odziwika akunja. Chifukwa cha ichi, Shostakovich adapeza kutchuka kwina padziko lonse lapansi.
M'zaka za m'ma 1930 Dmitry Dmitrievich analemba nyimbo za opera Lady Macbeth wa Mtsensk District. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti poyamba ntchitoyi idalandiridwa mwachidwi ku USSR, koma pambuyo pake idatsutsidwa kwambiri. Joseph Stalin adalankhula za opera ngati nyimbo yosamvetsetseka kwa omvera aku Soviet.
M'zaka zimenezo, mbiri yakale Shostakovich adalemba nyimbo za 6 ndi "Jazz Suite". Mu 1939 adakhala pulofesa.
M'miyezi yoyambirira ya Great Patriotic War (1941-1945), wolemba analemba ntchito yolenga nyimbo ya 7. Idayamba ku Russia mu Marichi 1942, ndipo patatha miyezi 4 idaperekedwa ku United States. Mu Ogasiti chaka chomwecho, symphony idachitika mu Leningrad yozunguliridwa ndipo idakhala chilimbikitso chenicheni kwa nzika zake.
Pa nthawi ya nkhondo, wotchedwa Dmitry Shostakovich anakwanitsa kulenga 8 symphony, olembedwa mu mtundu wanyimbo wa neoclassicism. Chifukwa cha zomwe adachita bwino mu 1946 adapatsidwa mphotho zitatu za Stalin!
Komabe, patadutsa zaka zingapo, akuluakuluwo adatsutsa Shostakovich mwamphamvu, akumamuimba mlandu wa "bourgeois formalism" komanso "kudandaula pamaso pa Azungu." Zotsatira zake, mwamunayo adalandidwa ntchito yake yauprofesa.
Ngakhale anali kuzunzidwa, mu 1949 woimbayo adaloledwa kupita ku America pamsonkhano wapadziko lonse woteteza mtendere, komwe adalankhula kwa nthawi yayitali. Chaka chotsatira, adalandira Mphotho yachinayi ya Stalin ya cantata Song of the Forest.
Mu 1950, Dmitry Shostakovich, wolimbikitsidwa ndi ntchito za Bach, adalemba 24 Preludes ndi Fugues. Pambuyo pake adawonetsa seweroli "Dances for Dolls", komanso adalemba nyimbo za Tenth and Eleventh Symphonies.
Mu theka lachiwiri la ma 1950, nyimbo za Shostakovich zidadzaza chiyembekezo. Mu 1957, adakhala mtsogoleri wa Composers 'Union, ndipo patatha zaka zitatu adakhala membala wa chipani cha Communist.
M'zaka za m'ma 60, mbuye analemba nyimbo za khumi ndi ziwiri, khumi ndi zitatu ndi zinai. Ntchito zake zachitika m'mabungwe apamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Kumapeto kwa ntchito yake yoimba, zolemba zokhumudwitsa zidayamba kuwonekera m'ntchito zake. Ntchito yake yomaliza inali Sonata wa Viola ndi Piano.
Moyo waumwini
Kwa zaka zambiri za mbiri yake, wotchedwa Dmitry Shostakovich adakwatirana katatu. Mkazi wake woyamba anali astrophysicist Nina Vasilievna. Mgwirizanowu, mwana wamwamuna Maxim ndi mtsikana Galina anabadwa.
Awiriwo adakhala limodzi kwa zaka pafupifupi 20, mpaka kumwalira kwa Nina Vasilievna, yemwe adamwalira mu 1954. Pambuyo pake, mwamunayo adakwatirana ndi Margarita Kainova, koma ukwatiwu sunakhalitse.
Mu 1962 Shostakovich anakwatira Irina Supinskaya kachitatu, yemwe adakhala naye mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wake. Mayiyo ankakonda mwamuna wake ndipo ankamusamalira akadwala.
Matenda ndi imfa
M'zaka zomalizira za moyo wake, Dmitry Dmitrievich anali kudwala kwambiri, akudwala khansa yamapapo. Kuphatikiza apo, anali ndi matenda akulu okhudzana ndi kuwonongeka kwa minofu ya miyendo - amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Akatswiri abwino kwambiri aku Soviet ndi akunja adayesetsa kuthandiza wolemba nyimbo, koma thanzi lake lidakulirakulirabe. Mu 1970-1971. Shostakovich amabwera ku Kurgan mobwerezabwereza kukalandira chithandizo ku labotale ya Dr. Gabriel Ilizarov.
Woimbayo adachita masewera olimbitsa thupi ndikumwa mankhwala oyenera. Komabe, matendawa amapitabe patsogolo. Mu 1975, adagwidwa ndi vuto la mtima, pomwe wolemba nyimboyo adamutengera kuchipatala.
Patsiku lakumwalira kwake, Shostakovich adakonzekera kuwonera mpira ndi mkazi wake komwe kuli wadi. Anatumiza mkazi wake kukalata, ndipo atabwerako, mwamuna wake anali atamwalira kale. Wotchedwa Dmitry Dmitrievich Shostakovich anamwalira pa Ogasiti 9, 1975 ali ndi zaka 68.
Zithunzi za Shostakovich
