Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746-1827) - Mphunzitsi waku Switzerland, m'modzi mwaophunzitsa akulu kwambiri achikhalidwe chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18 - koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 19, yemwe adathandizira kwambiri pakukula kwa chiphunzitso ndi machitidwe.
Lingaliro la maphunziro oyambira mwachilengedwe ndi maphunziro omwe adapangidwa ndi iye akupitilizabe kugwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano.
Pestalozzi anali woyamba kupempha kuti pakhale chitukuko chogwirizana cha zikhalidwe zonse zaumunthu - luntha, thupi ndi chikhalidwe. Malinga ndi malingaliro ake, kulera kwa mwana kuyenera kumangidwa pakuwunika ndikuwunika kwa munthu yemwe akukula motsogozedwa ndi mphunzitsi.
Pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Pestalozzi, yomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Kotero, patsogolo panu mbiri yochepa ya Johann Pestalozzi.
Mbiri ya Pestalozzi
Johann Pestalozzi adabadwa pa Januware 12, 1746 mumzinda waku Zurich ku Switzerland. Anakulira m'banja losauka lomwe limapeza ndalama zochepa. Bambo ake anali dokotala, ndipo amayi ake anali ndi ana atatu, pakati pawo Johann anali wachiwiri.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Tsoka loyamba mu mbiri ya Pestalozzi lidachitika ali ndi zaka 5, pomwe abambo ake adamwalira. Pa nthawiyo, mutu wa banja anali ndi zaka 33 zokha. Zotsatira zake, kuleredwa ndi kuthandizidwa ndi ana kunagwa pamapewa a amayi.
Johann adapita kusukulu, komwe anyamatawo amaphunzira Baibulo ndi malemba ena opatulika kuwonjezera pa maphunziro amwambo. Anapeza magiredi apakatikati m'maphunziro onse. Malembo anali ovuta kwambiri kwa mnyamatayo.
Pestalozzi ndiye anaphunzira ku Latin School, kenako anakhala wophunzira pa Karolinska College. Apa, ophunzira anali okonzekera ntchito zauzimu, komanso kuphunzitsidwa kugwira ntchito pagulu. Poyamba, amafuna kugwirizanitsa moyo wake ndi zamulungu, koma posakhalitsa adasinkhasinkha malingaliro ake.
Mu 1765, a Johann Pestalozzi adatuluka ndikulowa mgulu la demokalase la bourgeois, lomwe linali lotchuka pakati pa anzeru akumaloko.
Atakumana ndi mavuto azachuma, mnyamatayo adaganiza zopita ku ulimi, koma sanachite bwino pantchitoyi. Ndipamene adakopa chidwi kwa ana wamba, kumanzere kwawo.
Ntchito yophunzitsa
Ataganizira mozama, Pestalozzi, pogwiritsa ntchito ndalama zake, adakhazikitsa "Institution for the Poor", yomwe inali sukulu yantchito ya ana ochokera m'mabanja osauka. Zotsatira zake, gulu la ophunzira pafupifupi 50 linasonkhana, omwe mphunzitsi woyamba adayamba kuwaphunzitsa malinga ndi kachitidwe kake.
M'chaka, Johann adaphunzitsa ana kugwira ntchito kumunda, ndipo nthawi yozizira m'misili yosiyanasiyana, yomwe mtsogolo idzawathandiza kupeza ntchito. Nthawi yomweyo, amaphunzitsa ana maphunziro a kusukulu, komanso amalankhula nawo za chikhalidwe ndi moyo wa anthu.
Mu 1780, Pestalozzi adayenera kutseka sukuluyo chifukwa sikadalipira, ndipo amafuna kugwiritsa ntchito ana kubweza ngongoleyo. Popeza anali pamavuto azachuma, adaganiza zolemba.
Pa mbiri ya 1780-1798. Johann Pestalozzi adafalitsa mabuku ambiri momwe adalimbikitsa malingaliro ake, kuphatikiza Leisure of the Hermit ndi Lingard ndi Gertrude, buku la anthu. Anatinso kuti masoka achilengedwe ambiri atha kuthana ndi mavuto pokhapokha kukweza maphunziro a anthu.
Pambuyo pake, akuluakulu aku Switzerland adalabadira ntchito za aphunzitsiwo, akumupatsa kachisi wosalala wophunzitsira ana amisewu. Ndipo ngakhale Pestalozzi anali wokondwa kuti tsopano atha kuchita zomwe amakonda, adakumana ndi zovuta zambiri.
Nyumbayi sinali yoyenera maphunziro athunthu, ndipo ophunzira, omwe chiwerengero chawo chinawonjezeka kufika pa anthu 80, anafika mnyumbamo ali onyalanyazidwa kwambiri mwakuthupi ndi m'maganizo.
Johann amayenera kuphunzitsa ndi kusamalira ana paokha, omwe sanali omvera kwambiri.
Komabe, chifukwa cha kuleza mtima, chifundo ndi chikhalidwe chofatsa, Pestalozzi adakwanitsa kusonkhetsa ophunzira ake m'banja limodzi lalikulu momwe anali atate. Posakhalitsa, ana okulirapo adayamba kusamalira ana ang'onoang'ono, ndikupereka thandizo lofunika kwambiri kwa mphunzitsi.
Pambuyo pake, gulu lankhondo laku France lidafuna chipinda chogona. Asitikali adalamula kuti kachisi atulutsidwe, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti sukulu itseke.
Mu 1800, Pestalozzi amatsegula Burgdorf Institute, sukulu yasekondale yokhala ndi sukulu yolowera kukaphunzitsira aphunzitsi. Amasonkhanitsa ogwira ntchito yophunzitsira, omwe amapangira nawo ntchito yoyeserera mu njira zophunzitsira zowerengera ndi chilankhulo.
Patatha zaka zitatu, bungweli lidasamukira ku Yverdon, komwe Pestalozzi adatchuka padziko lonse lapansi. Usiku wonse, adakhala m'modzi mwa aphunzitsi odziwika kwambiri pantchito yake. Makulidwe ake adagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri kotero kuti mabanja ambiri olemera adayesetsa kutumiza ana awo kusukulu yake.
Mu 1818, Johann adakwanitsa kutsegula sukulu ya anthu osauka ndi ndalama zomwe adalandira kuchokera polemba ntchito zake. Ndi nthawi, yonena wake, thanzi lake anasiya kwambiri kulakalaka.
Malingaliro akulu ophunzitsira a Pestalozzi
Udindo waukulu pamalingaliro a Pestalozzi ndikuti zikhalidwe zamunthu, zamisala ndi zamthupi za munthu zimakonda kudzilimbitsa komanso kuchita zinthu. Chifukwa chake, mwanayo ayenera kuleredwa kuti amuthandize kukula m'njira yoyenera.
Njira yayikulu pamaphunziro, Pestalozzi imayitanitsa mfundo yoti agwirizane ndi chilengedwe. Maluso achilengedwe omwe amapezeka mwa mwana aliyense ayenera kukulitsidwa momwe angathere, kuyambira zosavuta mpaka zovuta. Mwana aliyense ndi wapadera, chifukwa chake mphunzitsiyo ayenera, kusintha kwake, momwe angawunikire maluso ake.
Johann ndiye mlembi wa chiphunzitso cha "maphunziro oyambira", yomwe ndi njira yotchedwa Pestalozzi. Kutengera ndi chikhalidwe chofananira ndi chilengedwe, adazindikira zofunikira zitatu zomwe maphunziro ayenera kuyambira: nambala (unit), mawonekedwe (mzere wowongoka), mawu (mawu).
Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kuti munthu aliyense athe kuyeza, kuwerengera ndikuyankhula chilankhulo. Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Pestalozzi m'malo onse akulera ana.
Njira zophunzitsira ndi ntchito, masewera, maphunziro. Mwamunayo analimbikitsa anzake ndi makolo kuti aziphunzitsa ana kutengera malamulo amuyaya achilengedwe, kuti athe kuphunzira malamulo adziko lowazungulira ndikukhala ndi luso loganiza.
Maphunziro onse ayenera kutengera pakuwona ndi kafukufuku. A Johann Pestalozzi anali ndi malingaliro olakwika pamaphunzilo oyambira m'mabuku omwe amatengera kuloweza ndi kubwereza nkhani. Iye adayitanitsa mwanayo kuti aziyang'ana pawokha padziko lapansi ndikukula, ndipo aphunzitsi pankhaniyi adangokhala ngati mkhalapakati.
Pestalozzi adalabadira kwambiri maphunziro akuthupi, omwe anali okhudzana ndi chikhumbo chachilengedwe cha mwanayo chofuna kusuntha. Kuti achite izi, adapanga masewera olimbitsa thupi omwe amathandiza kulimbitsa thupi.
M'munda wamaphunziro azantchito, a Johann Pestalozzi adakhazikitsa luso: ntchito yolembedwa kwa ana imapindulitsa mwanayo pokhapokha ngati atakhala ndi ntchito zamaphunziro ndi zamakhalidwe. Anatinso mwana ayenera kuphunzitsidwa kugwira ntchito pophunzitsa maluso omwe azigwirizana ndi msinkhu wake.
Nthawi yomweyo, palibe ntchito yomwe iyenera kuchitidwa kwa nthawi yayitali, apo ayi itha kuvulaza kukula kwa mwanayo. "Ndikofunikira kuti ntchito iliyonse yotsatira ikhale njira yopumulira kutopa komwe kumayambitsidwa ndi zomwe zidachitika kale."
Maphunziro achipembedzo komanso amakhalidwe abwino pakumvetsetsa kwa aku Switzerland sayenera kupangidwa osati ndi kuphunzitsa, koma ndikukula kwa malingaliro ndi zikhumbo mwa ana. Poyamba, mwanayo mwachibadwa amamukonda mayi ake, komanso atate wake, abale, aphunzitsi, anzawo akusukulu ndipo pamapeto pake amakonda anthu onse.
Malinga ndi Pestalozzi, aphunzitsi amayenera kuyang'ana njira iliyonse kwa wophunzira aliyense, yomwe panthawiyo imawoneka ngati yosangalatsa. Chifukwa chake, kuti maphunziro apamwamba achichepere, aphunzitsi oyenerera amafunikira, amenenso amayenera kukhala akatswiri amisala.
M'malemba ake, a Johann Pestalozzi adayang'ana kwambiri pakupanga maphunziro. Anakhulupirira kuti mwana ayenera kuleredwa mu ola loyamba atabadwa. Pambuyo pake, maphunziro apabanja komanso kusukulu, omangidwa mosamala zachilengedwe, amayenera kuchitidwa mogwirizana.
Aphunzitsi akuyenera kuwonetsa chikondi chenicheni kwa ana awo, chifukwa mwanjira imeneyi ndi pomwe adzakwanitse kupambana ophunzira awo. Chifukwa chake, ziwawa zilizonse ndi kubowola ziyenera kupewedwa. Komanso sanalole aphunzitsi kukhala ndi zokonda, chifukwa pomwe pali zokonda, chikondi chimayimira pamenepo.
Pestalozzi adaumirira kuti aphunzitse anyamata ndi atsikana limodzi. Anyamata, ngati aleredwa okha, amakhala amwano kwambiri, ndipo atsikana amadzipatula komanso amalota kwambiri.
Kuchokera pazonse zomwe zanenedwa, izi zitha kuchitika pamapeto pake: ntchito yayikulu yakulera ana malinga ndi dongosolo la Pestalozzi ndikukula koyambirira kwamalingaliro, zakuthupi ndi zamakhalidwe a mwanayo mwachilengedwe, kumupatsa chithunzi chomveka komanso chomveka chadziko lapansi m'mawonekedwe ake onse.
Moyo waumwini
Johann ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 23, anakwatira mtsikana wotchedwa Anna Schultges. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti mkazi wake amachokera ku banja lolemera, chifukwa chake mnyamatayo amayenera kufanana ndi udindo wake.
Pestalozzi adagula malo ochepa pafupi ndi Zurich, komwe amafuna kuchita nawo zaulimi ndikuwonjezera malo ake. Popeza sanachite bwino m'derali, adasokoneza kwambiri chuma chake.
Komabe, zinali zitatha izi kuti Pestalozzi adayamba kuphunzira, ndikukopa chidwi cha ana wamba. Ndani akudziwa momwe moyo wake ukadakhalira akanakhala ndi chidwi ndi zaulimi.
Zaka zapitazi ndi imfa
Zaka zomaliza za moyo wake zidabweretsa Johann nkhawa zambiri komanso chisoni. Omuthandizira ake ku Yverdon adakangana, ndipo mu 1825 sukuluyi idatsekedwa chifukwa cha bankirapuse. Pestalozzi adachoka ku bungwe lomwe adakhazikitsa ndikubwerera ku malo ake.
Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi anamwalira pa February 17, 1827 ali ndi zaka 81. Mawu ake omaliza anali akuti: “Ndikhululukira adani anga. Alandire tsopano mtendere umene ndipitako kwamuyaya. "
Zithunzi za Pestalozzi
