Nkhondo pa Ice kapena nkhondo pa Nyanja Peipsi - nkhondo yomwe idachitika pa ayezi wa Nyanja ya Peipsi pa Epulo 5 (Epulo 12) 1242 ndi Izhora, Novgorodians ndi Vladimirs, motsogozedwa ndi Alexander Nevsky, mbali imodzi, ndi asitikali a Livonia Order, mbali inayo.
Battle on the Ice ndi imodzi mwamkhondo zotchuka kwambiri m'mbiri ya Russia. Asitikali aku Russia atagonjetsedwa pankhondo, mbiri yaku Russia ikadatenga njira ina.
Kukonzekera nkhondo
Anthu a ku Sweden atagonjetsa nkhondo ya Neva zaka ziwiri m'mbuyomo, gulu lankhondo laku Germany lidayamba kukonzekera mwamphamvu nkhondo. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti chifukwa cha ichi Teutonic Order idapatsa asirikali angapo.
Zaka 4 isanayambike kampeni yankhondo, Dietrich von Grüningen adasankhidwa kukhala Master of the Livonia Order. Olemba mbiri ambiri amakhulupirira kuti ndiye amene adayambitsa kampeni yolimbana ndi Russia.
Mwa zina, omenyera ufulu wawo adathandizidwa ndi Papa Gregory 9, yemwe adakonza nkhondo yolimbana ndi Finland mu 1237. Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, Gregory 9 adapempha akalonga aku Russia kuti alemekeze malamulo amalire.
Pofika nthawi imeneyo, asitikali aku Novgorodian anali atakhala kale ndi mwayi wopambana pankhondo ndi aku Germany. Alexander Nevsky, kumvetsetsa ntchito za nkhondo zauzimu, kuyambira 1239 anali kulimbitsa malo mu mzere wonse wa kum'mwera chakumadzulo malire, koma Sweden anaukira kuchokera kumpoto chakumadzulo.
Atagonjetsedwa, Alexander adapitilizabe kukonzanso zida zankhondo, ndipo adakwatiranso mwana wamkazi wa kalonga wa Polotsk, potero adamupempha kuti amuthandize pankhondo ikubwerayi. Mu 1240, asitikali ankhondo adapita ku Russia, natenga Izborsk, ndipo chaka chotsatira adazungulira Pskov.
Mu Marichi 1242, Alexander Nevsky adamasula Pskov kuchokera ku Ajeremani, ndikukankhira mdani kubwerera m'chigawo cha Lake Peipsi. Ndipamene nkhondo yongopeka ichitikira, yomwe idzalembedwera pansi pa dzina - Nkhondo pa Ice.
Nkhondo ikuyenda mwachidule
Kulimbana koyamba pakati pa omenyera nkhondo ndi asitikali aku Russia kudayamba mu Epulo 1242. Mtsogoleri wa aku Germany anali Andreas von Velven, yemwe anali ndi gulu lankhondo la 11,000. Komanso, Alexander anali ndi ankhondo pafupifupi 16,000 omwe anali ndi zida zoyipitsitsa.
Komabe, monga nthawi iwonetsere, zipolopolo zabwino kwambiri zidzasewera nthabwala yankhanza ndi asirikali aku Livonia Order.
Nkhondo yotchuka pa Ice idachitika pa Epulo 5, 1242. Pa nthawiyo, asitikali aku Germany adapita kwa "nkhumba" ya mdani - gulu lapadera lankhondo lankhondo lankhondo lapaulendo ndi apakavalo, chokumbutsa chopindika chosalongosoka. Nevsky analamula kuti amenyane ndi adaniwo ndi oponya mivi, pambuyo pake adalamula kuti adzaukire m'mbali mwa Ajeremani.
Zotsatira zake, omenyera ufuluwo adakankhidwira patsogolo, ndikupeza kuti ali pa ayezi a Nyanja ya Peipsi. Pamene Ajeremani amayenera kubwerera m'nyanja, adazindikira kuopsa kwa zomwe zimachitika, koma anali atachedwa. Polemedwa ndi zida zolemera, madzi oundana adayamba kusweka pansi pamapazi ankhondo. Pachifukwa ichi nkhondoyi idadziwika kuti Nkhondo ya Ice.
Zotsatira zake, Ajeremani ambiri adamira m'nyanjamo, komabe gulu lankhondo la Andreas von Velven lidatha kuthawa. Pambuyo pake, gulu la Nevsky, mosavutikira, linathamangitsa adani kumayiko a Pskov.
Zotsatira ndi tanthauzo lakale la Nkhondo pa Ice
Pambuyo pogonjetsedwa kwakukulu ku Nyanja Peipsi, nthumwi za Livonia ndi Teutonic Orders zidachita mgwirizano ndi Alexander Nevsky. Pa nthawi yomweyi, iwo adasiya zifukwa zilizonse m'dera la Russia.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti pambuyo pa zaka 26, Livonia Order iphwanya mgwirizano. Nkhondo ya Rakov idzachitika, momwe asitikali aku Russia adzapambananso. Nkhondo ya Ice itangotha, Nevsky, atagwiritsa ntchito mwayiwo, anachita kampeni zingapo zolimbana ndi a Lithuania.
Ngati tilingalira za nkhondo ya Nyanja Peipsi m'mbiri, ndiye kuti udindo wofunikira wa Alexander ndikuti adatha kuletsa kukwiya kwa gulu lamphamvu kwambiri lankhondo lankhondo. Ndizosangalatsa kuzindikira malingaliro a wolemba mbiri wotchuka Lev Gumilyov ponena za nkhondoyi.
Mwamunayo ananena kuti ngati Ajeremani atha kulanda Russia, izi zithandizira kusiya kukhalapo kwake, motero, mpaka kumapeto kwa tsogolo la Russia.
Njira ina yankhondo yankhondo pa Nyanja Peipsi
Chifukwa choti asayansi sadziwa malo enieni omenyera nkhondo, komanso alibe chidziwitso chotsimikizika, malingaliro ena awiri adapangidwa pokhudzana ndi Nkhondo ya Ice mu 1242.
- Malinga ndi mtundu wina, Battle on the Ice sizinachitike konse, ndipo zonse zokhudzana ndi izi zidapangidwa ndi olemba mbiri omwe adakhalapo kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 18-19. Makamaka, Soloviev, Karamzin ndi Kostomarov. Malingaliro awa amagawidwa ndi asayansi angapo, popeza ndizovuta kwambiri kukana zowona za Nkhondo pa Ice. Izi ndichifukwa choti kufotokozera mwachidule nkhondoyi kumapezeka m'mipukutu yakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 13, komanso m'mabuku achijeremani.
- Malinga ndi mtundu wina, Nkhondo pa Ice inali yocheperako, chifukwa amatchulidwa ochepa. Ngati magulu ankhondo zikwizikwi akadagwirizana, nkhondoyi ikadafotokozedwa bwino. Chifukwa chake, mikangano idakhala yocheperako.
Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti ngati olemba mbiri achi Russia ovomerezeka akukana mtundu woyamba, ali ndi mfundo imodzi yofunikira yachiwiri: ngakhale kuchuluka kwa nkhondoyi kukokomeza, izi siziyenera kuchepetsa kupambana kwa Russia pa omenyera ufulu wawo.
Chithunzi cha Nkhondo pa Ice
