Ndizovuta kufotokoza mosazungulira mzaka zana zapitazi. Zaka za zana la 16 sizinali zosiyana. Ngakhale zopambana zowoneka bwino zitha kukhala pansi. Kugonjetsedwa kwa America kunali chiyambi cha kuphedwa kwa Amwenye. Kufunitsitsa kuyika Tchalitchi cha Katolika pamtundu wina kudasandutsa mamiliyoni a omwe adazunzidwa pankhondo zosintha. Ngakhale chidwi chowoneka chopanda cholakwa cha olemekezeka ndi mafashoni chimatanthauza, koposa zonse, zovuta zatsopano paminda yolipira misonkho.
Poyerekeza ndi zaka zotsatira, pomwe mbiri imangodumphadumpha, kufafaniza maboma ndikugwetsa mafumu, zaka za zana la 16 zimatha kutchedwa kholo lakale. Anamenya nkhondo - koma kunalibe miliri ndi njala yoopsa. Mizinda yaku Europe idakwera m'mwamba, ndipo mafumu adangosintha malinga ndi dynastic. Kodi Spain ija idalanda Portugal, kotero adatenga chidutswa chachikoloni. Zaka zana limodzi m'mbiri ...
1. Nkhondo, nkhondo, nkhondo ... Pali nkhondo pafupifupi 30 zokha zokha zomwe olemba mbiri amakono ayenera kuziwona.Poganizira kuti nkhondo zomwe zimatenga zaka zingapo ndizochepa, titha kunena kuti nthawi iliyonse panali nkhondo ku Europe, apo ayi ndipo palibe mmodzi. Komabe, zinali kangati mosiyana?
2. M'zaka za zana la 16 zidapitilira nyengo yazopezeka zazikuluzikulu zadziko. Anthu aku Europe adawona Nyanja ya Pacific koyamba, mwina adazindikira Australia ndikufufuza ku America. Anthu aku Russia adalowa mpaka ku Siberia.
3. Mu 1519 - 1522 ulendowu, womwe udayambitsidwa ndikuwongoleredwa ndi Fernand Magellan, kwa nthawi yoyamba kuzungulira dziko lonse lapansi. Mwa zombo zitatuzi, imodzi idapulumuka, mwa anthu pafupifupi 300 adapulumuka 18. Magellan yemweyo adaphedwa. Koma, mbiri yakale, ulendowu udapanga phindu - zonunkhira zidaperekedwabe.
Njira ya Magellan
4. M'zaka za zana la 16, Europe idakhudzidwa ndi mliri woyamba wa chindoko. Mwina matendawa adabwera kuchokera ku America ndi oyendetsa apainiya.
5. Elizabeth I adalamulira England zaka 55. Pansi pake England adakhala Dona wa Nyanja, zaluso ndi sayansi zidakula, ndipo anthu 80,000 adaphedwa chifukwa chongoyenda chabe.
6. Spain pasanathe zaka zana limodzi idakwanitsa kukhala onse amphamvu pambuyo popezeka ndi kuba ku America, ndikutaya mwayiwo pambuyo poti gulu lankhondo laku England ligonjetse "Invincible Armada". Pakupita, a Spaniard, atalanda Portugal, anakhalabe boma lokhalo ku Pyrenees.
7. Mu 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus amaliza zaka 40 akugwira ntchito yolemba "Pazungulira zakuzungulira zakuthambo." Tsopano likulu la Chilengedwe si Dziko Lapansi, koma Dzuwa. Lingaliro la Copernicus ndilolakwika, koma lidalimbikitsa kwambiri kusintha kwasayansi.
Chilengedwe cha Copernicus
8. M'zaka za zana la 16, Nikon Chronicle, gwero lalikulu komanso lalikulu kwambiri m'mbiri yaku Russia, adalemba. Mkulu wa mabishopu Nikon alibe chochita ndi kulembedwa kwa mbiriyo - anali ndi imodzi chabe mwa makopewo. Nkhaniyo inalembedwa kuchokera m'mbiri ya Danieli, ndikuwonjezeredwa ndi zinthu zina.
9. Mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la 16, kulemberana makalata pakati pa Ivan the Terrible ndi Mfumukazi yaku England kudayambitsidwa. Tsar waku Russia, malinga ndi malingaliro ena, adapempha kuti Elizabeth I akwatire. Atalandira kukana, a Ivan the Terrible adatcha mfumukaziyi "msungwana wonyansa" ndipo adalengeza kuti England ikulamulidwa ndi "anthu amalonda ochepa".
10. Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 16, masewero oyamba a William Shakespeare adasindikizidwa. Osachepera awa anali mabuku oyamba okhala ndi dzina lake. Adasindikizidwa mu quarto - mapepala 4 amasewera papepala limodzi.
11. Mu 1553 m'madera olamulidwa ndi America, ndipo mu 1555 ku Spain komweko, kukondana kosayenera kunaletsedwa. Ku Europe konse panthawiyo, inali nyimbo yotchuka kwambiri.
12. Chapakati pa zaka zana, chivomerezi ku China chinapha anthu mazana ambiri. M'madera a m'mbali mwa mitsinje, a Chitchaina ankakhala m'mapanga a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, omwe adagwa pachiwopsezo choyamba.
13. Wojambula wachi Dutch Pieter Bruegel (Wamkulu) adalemba utoto angapo, pomwe palibe zojambula ndi zithunzi zamaliseche.
14. Atatsala pang'ono kufika zaka 89 zakubadwa (pafupifupi munthu amene sanamveke nthawi imeneyo), Michelangelo anamwalira mu 1564. Mbuye wamkulu wojambula, chosema ndi zomangamanga adasiya ntchito zomwe zidakhudza chikhalidwe chonse cha dziko lapansi.
Michelangelo. "David"
15. Ku Russia m'zaka za zana la 16th, kusindikiza kunayamba. Buku loyambirira la typography yaku Russia linali The Apostle, lofalitsidwa ndi Ivan Fedorov. Ngakhale pali zonena kuti ngakhale Fedorov asanafike, mabuku 5 kapena 6 adasindikizidwa mosadziwika.
16. Dziko la Russia linali logwirizana ndipo linakula kwambiri. Pskov Republic ndi ukulu wa Ryazan zidatha. Ivan Grozny anagonjetsa Kazan ndi Astrakhan, analanda dziko Siberia ndi Don, kuwonjezera dziko ndi 100%. Potengera dera, Russia idutsa Europe yonse.
17. Kuphatikiza pakukula kwa Russia, Ivan the Terrible ali ndi mbiri ina yosagonjetseka - adalamulira zaka zopitilira 50. Kwa nthawi yayitali palibe amene analamulira Russia kale kapena pambuyo pake.
18. Mu 1569 Ufumu wa Poland ndi Grand Duchy waku Lithuania adagwirizana. "Poland kuchokera kunyanja kufikira kunyanja" ndi zina zotero - izi ndi zonse kuchokera pamenepo. Kuchokera kumpoto, boma latsopanoli linali m'malire ndi Baltic, kuchokera kumwera ndi Black Sea.
19. M'zaka za zana la 16, Kukonzanso kunayamba - kuyesetsa kukonza Tchalitchi cha Katolika. Nkhondo ndi kuwukira kwakusintha kwakadapitilira pafupifupi zaka zana ndi theka ndipo zidapha miyoyo ya anthu mamiliyoni ambiri. Pachigawo chazomwe masiku ano ku Germany ndi pomwe anthu amachepetsa katatu.
20. Ngakhale anthu mamiliyoni ambiri atamwalira, Usiku wa St. Bartholomew umawonedwa ngati nkhanza zazikulu za Kukonzanso. Mu 1572, Akatolika ndi Ahuguenot adasonkhana ku Paris pamwambo wokwatirana ndi mfumukazi. Akatolika anaukira anthu otsutsa malingaliro awo ndipo anapha pafupifupi 2,000 a iwo. Koma ozunzidwawa anali ochokera m'kalasi lolemekezeka, chifukwa chake Usiku wa St. Bartholomew amadziwika kuti ndi kupha koopsa.
Usiku wa St. Bartholomew ndi burashi wamasiku ano
21. Kuyankha pa Kusintha kunali kukhazikitsidwa kwa dongosolo la Ajezwiti. Nthawi zambiri amabodza m'mabuku opita patsogolo, abale adalimbikitsadi kufalitsa Chikhristu ndikudziwitsa anthu kumadera akutali kwambiri padziko lapansi.
22. Mabuku ambiri a Alexandre Dumas amaperekedwa ku zochitika za m'zaka za zana la 16. Chenjezo! Olemba mbiri yakale amatanthauzira okonda anzawo ndi mawu oti "Ndaphunzira mbiri yaku France malinga ndi a Dumas!" D'Artagnan anali kwenikweni wothandizira kadinala, ndipo Athos adabisa dzina lake osati chifukwa cha olemekezeka ake, koma chifukwa bambo ake amangogula mutuwo.
23. Mu theka lachiwiri la zaka zana, malonda pakati pa Azungu ndi Japan adayamba. Poyamba a Chipwitikizi, kenako aku Spain, adayamba kubweretsa zinthu zosiyanasiyana ku Japan. Tomato ndi fodya zinapezeka mu Land of the Rising Sun, ndipo theka la miliyoni madola, otengedwa ndi azungu, adayamba kutha chaka chilichonse (iyi inali ndalama zomwe akuti akuti).
24. Kumapeto kwa zaka zana, maiko ambiri (koma osati onse) aku Europe asintha kalendala ya Gregory (tikugwiritsabe ntchito pano). Panali kusiyana pakati pa nthawi ya zochitika, malingaliro a "kalembedwe kakale" ndi "kalembedwe katsopano", omwe sanali okhudzana ndi mafashoni, adawonekera.
25. Pakutha kwa zaka zana, mafashoni anali atakhala mwana weniweni wa olemekezeka. Pofotokoza kuchuluka kwa zovala, Porthos Dumas adawonetsa zowona zam'mbuyomu: olowa nyumba amayenera kukhala ndi zovala zosachepera khumi ndi ziwiri, ndipo mafashoni amasintha chaka chilichonse.
Mini, zidendene ndi ma jeans odulidwa akadali kutali
