Ivan Fedorov (komanso Fedorovich, Moskvitin) - m'modzi mwa osindikiza mabuku oyamba aku Russia. Monga lamulo, amatchedwa "woyamba kusindikiza mabuku ku Russia" chifukwa choti ndiye wofalitsa buku loyamba losindikizidwa molondola ku Russia, lotchedwa "Apostle".
Mu mbiri ya Ivan Fedorov, pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa kuchokera m'moyo wake komanso ntchito zake.
Kotero, patsogolo panu pali mbiri yochepa ya Ivan Fedorov.
Wambiri Ivan Fedorov
Tsiku lobadwa la Ivan Fedorov silikudziwika. Amakhulupirira kuti adabadwa pafupifupi 1520 ku Grand Duchy of Moscow.
Mu nthawi ya 1529-1532. Ivan adaphunzira ku Yunivesite ya Jagiellonian, yomwe lero ili mumzinda wa Krakow ku Poland.
Malinga ndi olemba mbiri aku Russia, makolo a Fedorov amakhala m'maiko omwe tsopano ndi a Belarus.
Atamaliza maphunziro awo ku yunivesite, Ivan adasankhidwa kukhala dikoni mu mpingo wa St. Nicholas Gostunsky. Panthawiyo, Metropolitan Macarius adakhala wophunzitsa wake, yemwe adayamba kugwirizana nawo kwambiri.
Nyumba yoyamba yosindikiza
Ivan Fedorov amakhala ndikugwira ntchito munthawi ya Ivan IV Wowopsa. Mu 1552, mfumu yaku Russia idalamula kukhazikitsidwa kwa bizinesi yosindikiza m'Chilankhulo cha Tchalitchi ku Moscow.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti kale kale panali ntchito m'Chisilavo cha Tchalitchi, koma zidasindikizidwa kunja.
Mwa lamulo la Ivan the Terrible, mbuye waku Danish wotchedwa Hans Messingheim adabweretsedwa ku Russia. Zinali motsogozedwa ndi iye kuti nyumba yoyamba yosindikiza m'boma idamangidwa.
Pambuyo pake, makina ofanana ndi makalata adatumizidwa kuchokera ku Poland, pomwe posindikiza mabuku adayamba posachedwa.
Mu 1563 tsar idatsegula Moscow Printing House, yomwe idathandizidwa ndi chuma cha boma. Chaka chamawa buku lodziwika bwino la "Apostle" lolembedwa ndi Ivan Fedorov lidzasindikizidwa pano.
Pambuyo pa "Mtumwi" buku "Bukhu la Maola" litatulutsidwa. Fedorov anali nawo mwachindunji kufalitsa ntchito zonse, monga umboni ndi mfundo zingapo.
Zimadziwika kuti Ivan the Terrible adazindikira Fedorov ngati wophunzira wa Messingheim kuti athe kudziwa zambiri.
Panthawiyo, tchalitchicho chinali chosiyana ndi mamangidwe amatchalitchi amakono. Ansembe anali otanganidwa ndikuphunzitsa anthu, chifukwa chake mabuku onse amalumikizidwa mwanjira ina ndi malemba opatulika.
Tikudziwa kuchokera pazodalirika kuti Nyumba Yosindikiza ya Moscow idayatsidwa mobwerezabwereza. Izi zikuchitika chifukwa cha ntchito ya amonke alembi, omwe adataya ndalama kuchokera kufakitole kusindikiza mabuku.
Mu 1568, polamula a Ivan the Terrible, Fedorov adasamukira ku Grand Duchy ku Lithuania.
Ali panjira, wosindikiza mabuku waku Russia adayimilira m'boma la Grodnyansky, m'nyumba ya msirikali wakale Grigory Khodkevich. Pamene Chodkevich adadziwa kuti mlendo wake ndi ndani, pokhala wogwira ntchito, adapempha Fedorov kuti athandize kutsegula nyumba yosindikizira.
Mbuyeyo adayankha pempholi ndipo mchaka chomwecho, mumzinda wa Zabludovo, kutsegula kwakukulu kwa bwalo losindikizira kunachitika.
Motsogozedwa ndi Ivan Fedorov, nyumba yosindikizira iyi idasindikiza yoyamba, ndipo buku lokhalo - "Uthenga Wabwino wa Mphunzitsi". Izi zidachitika mu nthawi ya 1568-1569.
Posakhalitsa nyumba yosindikiza inatha. Izi zidachitika chifukwa cha zandale. Mu 1569 Union of Lublin idamalizidwa, yomwe idathandizira pakupanga Commonwealth.
Zochitika zonsezi sizinakondweretse kwambiri Ivan Fedorov, yemwe amafuna kupitiliza kusindikiza mabuku. Pachifukwa ichi, akuganiza zopita ku Lviv kuti akamange nyumba yake yosindikizira komweko.
Atafika ku Lviv, Fedorov sanapeze yankho kuchokera kwa akuluakulu am'deralo pankhani yotsegulira bwalo losindikizira. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, atsogoleri achipembedzo nawonso anakana kupeza ndalama zomangira nyumba yosindikizira, posankha kuwerengera mabuku.
Komabe, Ivan Fedorov adakwanitsa kutulutsa ndalama zingapo, zomwe zidamupatsa mwayi woti akwaniritse cholinga chake. Zotsatira zake, adayamba kusindikiza ndikugulitsa mabuku.
Mu 1570 Fedorov adafalitsa buku la Psalter. Patatha zaka 5, anakhala mutu wa Derman Holy Trinity obisika, koma patapita zaka 2 anayamba kumanga nyumba yosindikiza wina mothandizidwa ndi Prince Konstantin Ostrozhsky.
Nyumba yosindikiza ya Ostroh idagwira bwino ntchito, kutulutsa mabuku atsopano monga "Zilembo", "Primer" ndi "Buku lachi Slavonic la Greek-Russian loti liwerengedwe." Mu 1581, Baibulo lotchuka la Ostrog linasindikizidwa.
Popita nthawi, Ivan Fedorov adaika mwana wake woyang'anira nyumba yosindikiza, ndipo nayenso anapita kukagwira ntchito kumayiko osiyanasiyana ku Europe.
Pamaulendo ngati amenewa, mmisiri waku Russia adagawana zomwe adakumana nazo ndi osindikiza mabuku akunja. Anayesetsa kukonza kusindikiza mabuku ndikuwapatsa anthu ambiri momwe angathere.
Moyo waumwini
Sitidziwa chilichonse chokhudza moyo wa Ivan Fedorov, kupatula kuti anali wokwatiwa ndipo anali ndi ana awiri.
Chodabwitsa ndichakuti, mwana wake wamwamuna wamkulu adakhalanso katswiri wosindikiza mabuku.
Mkazi wa Fedorov anamwalira mwamuna wake asanachoke ku Moscow. Olemba mbiri yina ya mbuyeyo adanenanso kuti mayiyo adamwalira pakubadwa kwa mwana wake wamwamuna wachiwiri, yemwenso sanapulumuke.
Imfa
Ivan Fedorov amwalira pa Disembala 5 (15), 1583. Adamwalira paulendo wina wopita ku Europe.
Thupi la Fedorov lidatengedwa kupita ku Lvov ndikuikidwa m'manda a Church of St. Onuphrius.
