Tsogolo lamizinda silimadziwika ngati tsogolo la anthu. Mu 1792, Catherine II adapatsa malo a Black Sea Cossacks kuchokera ku Kuban kupita ku Black Sea komanso kuchokera ku tawuni ya Yeisk kupita ku Laba. Malire oyambira - kulikonse komwe mungayang'ane - chopanda chopanda kanthu. Zitheka - ulemu ndi ulemu kwa Cossacks, sizigwira ntchito - wina adzasunthira kukhazika mtima pansi.
A Cossacks adachita. Pasanathe zaka zana, Ekaterinodar, monga Cossacks adatchulira Mfumukaziyi, idasandulika umodzi mwamizinda yayikulu kumwera kwa Russia. Kenako, kale muulamuliro wa Soviet, Krasnodar (adasinthidwa dzina mu 1920) adakula mwachangu kwambiri kotero kuti idayamba kupondereza Rostov, womwe umadziwika kuti likulu lakumwera.
M'zaka za m'ma XXI Krasnodar ikupitilizabe kukula ndikuwonjezera kufunikira kwake. Mzindawu mwina wayamba kale kukhala milionea, kapena uli pafupi kukhala umodzi. Koma sizokhudza ngakhale kuchuluka kwa okhalamo. Kulemera kwachuma komanso ndale za Krasnodar kukukulira. Izi, kuphatikiza nyengo yabwino, ngakhale kukukula kukupezeka, zimapangitsa mzindawu malo osangalatsa kukhalamo. Kodi ndi zazikulu ziti zomwe zili likulu la dera la Kuban?
1. Krasnodar ili pa kufanana kwa 45; iwo ayikanso chikumbutso chofananira mzindawo. Sizodziwika bwino kuti ku Russia Krasnodar ndi madera oyandikana nawo ndiodalitsika kumwera, komwe mamiliyoni aku Russia angasangalale kusamukira. Koma zonse padziko lapansi ndizachibale. Pa kufanana komweko ku 45 ku United States, kuli zenizeni, malinga ndi komwe kuli, akumpoto, chifukwa awa ndi madera amalire pakati pa United States ndi Canada, komwe kuli madigiri khumi ndi matalala achisanu pafupifupi nthawi iliyonse yozizira. Kwa anthu aku Canada, motsatana, kufanana kwa 45 ndikofanana ndi dzuwa ndi kutentha. Ku Asia, kufanana kwa 45 kumadutsa zigwa zachonde za ku Central Asia, komanso kudutsa madera akumapiri ndi zipululu. Ku Europe, awa ndi kumwera kwa France, kumpoto kwa Italy ndi Croatia. Chifukwa chake sikungakhale chilungamo kulingalira za "golidi" wa 45 wofanana. Kutalika kwake ndi "tanthauzo la golide" - osati Norilsk, koma pali malo okhala ndi nyengo yabwino.
2. Mu 1926, Vladimir Mayakovsky adapita ku Krasnodar kawiri. Wolemba ndakatulo adawonetsa zomwe adakumana nazo paulendo wake woyamba mu February mu ndakatulo yayifupi yomwe idasindikizidwa mu magazini ya Krokodil pansi pamutu woluma "Chipululu cha Galu". Mutu wa ndakatuloyi udaperekedwa kuofesi yosindikiza, koma anthu sanapite kuzinthu zovuta kuzisindikiza. Paulendo wachiwiri wa Mayakovsky ku Krasnodar mu Disembala, mkangano udayambika mu holoyo ndi wolemba ndakatulo yemwe adalankhula kuchokera pa siteji (zomwe zinali zachilendo zaka zimenezo). Mayakovsky, yemwe sanalowemo m'thumba mwake, poyankha ndemanga yonena za "kusamvetsetseka" kwa ndakatulo zake, adadandaula kuti: "Ana anu amvetsetsa! Koma ngati samvetsetsa, ndiye kuti adzakula ngati mitengo ya thundu! " Koma ndakatuloyi idasindikizidwa kuyambira "Krasnodar" kapena "likulu la Sobachkina". Kunalidi agalu ambiri ku Krasnodar, ndipo ankathamanga momasuka kuzungulira mzindawo. Zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake, "Doctor St. Bernard" adakumbukiridwa. Galu wa dokotala wotchuka amatha kupita kumalo ochitira zisudzo nthawi ya zisudzo kapena malo ena pamsonkhano. Mu 2007, pakona ya St. Red ndi Mira apanga chipilala cha agalu ndi mawu ochokera mu ndakatulo ya Mayakovsky.
3. Mpaka posachedwa, tiyi wa Krasnodar anali tiyi wakumpoto kwambiri padziko lapansi, yemwe amapangidwa kwambiri (mu 2012, tiyi adalima bwino ku England). Anthu adayesa kubzala tiyi kumpoto kwa Caucasus kuyambira pakati pa zaka za zana la 19, koma sizinaphule kanthu - tiyi adatengedwa, koma adazizira nyengo yachisanu. Mu 1901 kokha, wogwira ntchito m'minda ya tiyi ku Georgia, a Judah Koshman, adabzala tiyi bwinobwino kudera lomwe tsopano ndi gawo la Krasnodar Territory. Poyamba, Koshman adasekedwa, ndipo pomwe adayamba kugulitsa tiyi pa ruble pa paundi, adayamba kumuwononga - mtengo wa tiyi osachepera 4 - 5 rubles pa kilogalamu, ndiye kuti, opitilira 2 rubles pa paundi. Kuchuluka kwa tiyi wa Krasnodar kudangokhala pambuyo pa kusintha. Tiyi yapamwamba kwambiri ya Krasnodar imapezeka ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makomedwe, ndipo Soviet Union idatumiza kunja ma ruble makumi khumi. Kulowetsa m'malo komwe kunatsala pang'ono kuwonongedwa tiyi - m'ma 1970 mpaka 1980, tiyi amafunika kukula mopitilira muyeso kuti abweretse ndalama zakunja. Zinali pomwepo kuti malingaliro onena za mtundu wotsika kwambiri wa tiyi ya Krasnodar adapangidwa. M'zaka za m'ma XXI, kupanga tiyi wa Krasnodar kukubwezeretsanso.
4. Anthu okhala ku Krasnodar adakonda kudziwopseza ndi chivomerezi chamiyala isanu, chomwe, chikhoza kuti, chitha kuwononga damu la Kuban Sea. Kuchuluka kwa madzi m'nyanjayi ndikuti madzi sadzangotsuka magawo awiri mwa atatu a Krasnodar, koma china chilichonse chomwe chikubwera panjira yopita ku Black Sea. Koma posachedwa kupitiriza kwa zochitikazo kwapeza kutchuka - madzi othamangira munyanja adzakankhira mbale ya Azov-Black Sea tectonic mbale ndikumasulidwa ndi kuphulika kwaposachedwa kwama voliyumu a hydrogen sulfide. Ndipo mdziko lapansi, monga kalekale, imfa ndi yofiira.
5. Masiku ano bwaloli lamangidwanso kosatha "Dynamo" lidamangidwa mu 1932. Pogwira ntchitoyi, a Nazi adasandutsa msasa wa POW. Kutulutsidwa kwa Krasnodar, kubwezeretsa mwachangu kwa mafakitale ndi malo okhala kumakhala, kunalibe nthawi yamabwalo amasewera. Kubwezeretsa "Dynamo" kudayamba mu 1950 kokha. Chifukwa cha ukadaulo wosowa pamenepo wosonkhanitsira maimidwe kuchokera ku konkriti wokonzedweratu ndi njira yomanga anthu - okhala ku Krasnodar, achikulire ndi achichepere, adabwera kubwaloli kukagwira ntchito nthawi iliyonse yabwino - mlanduwo udamalizidwa chaka ndi theka. Mu Meyi 1952, mlembi woyamba wa komiti yachigawo ya CPSU Nikolai Ignatov, yemwe adayambitsa ntchito yomangayi, adatsegula mwamphamvu bwaloli. Nyumba Yamasewera "Dynamo" yokhala ndi dziwe losambira idamangidwa mu 1967.
6. Okutobala 4, 1894, magetsi oyatsa magetsi oyamba adayatsidwa pa Krasnaya Street. Kumayambiriro kwa Meyi 1895 Yekaterinodar adapeza kusinthanitsa kwake kwama foni. Pa Disembala 11, 1900, Yekaterinodar adakhala mzinda wa 17th mu Ufumu wa Russia, pomwe tramu idayamba kugwira ntchito. Ntchito yama trolley mumzinda idatsegulidwa pa Julayi 28, 1950. Gasi wachilengedwe adapezeka m'malo okhala ku Krasnodar pa Januware 29, 1953. Pa Novembala 7, 1955, TV ya Krasnodar idayamba kufalitsa (inali yotchedwa Small, test TV Center - panali olandila TV 13 mumzinda wonsewo, ndipo likulu la TV lalikulu lidayamba kugwira ntchito patatha zaka zinayi).
7. Njanjiyo imatha kubwera ku Yekaterinodar panthawiyo mu 1875, koma malamulo amakampani azachuma amsokonezo. Lamulo lokhazikitsa njanji ya Rostov-Vladikavkaz lidavomerezedwa mu 1869. Kampani yama stock-stock yomwe idapangidwira kuti ntchitoyi igwire ndikugwiranso ntchito, magawo ambiri anali aboma. Ma "investor" achinsinsi amafuna kupanga ndalama pomanga mseuwu, ndipo akamaliza, agulitse pamtengo wokwera kwambiri (olimbikitsa alendo anali ataphunzitsidwa kale) kudera lomwelo. Pomwepo, panali mgwirizano wololeza mpaka 1956, koma palibe amene adaganizira mozama za izi. Chifukwa chake, njanjiyo idamangidwa mwachangu komanso yotsika mtengo. Chifukwa chiyani mukuwononga ndalama kugula malo okwera mtengo ku Yekaterinodar, ngati mungathe kutsogolera msewu wodutsa, komwe malo akuyenera kukhala dinari imodzi? Zotsatira zake, kunalibe wina woyendetsa pamsewu womwe watsegulidwa kumene ndipo palibe chomwe akananyamula - udadutsa malo onse aku North Caucasus. Ndi mu 1887 mokha pomwe njanji idakwezedwa kupita ku Yekaterinodar.
8. Wobadwa ku Yekaterinodar, yemwe adangophunzira zaka zinayi ku Sukulu ya Ogulitsa, adapanga njira yojambulira kuwala kochokera ndi maatomu, omwe adatchulidwa pambuyo pake - "Kirlian Effect". Semyon Kirlian anabadwira m'banja lalikulu lachi Armenia, ndipo kuyambira ali mwana adakakamizidwa kugwira ntchito. Manja agolide ophatikizika ndi malingaliro akuthwa adamupangitsa kukhala mbuye wofunikira kwa Krasnodar yonse. Kunyumba yosindikizira, adapanga uvuni womwe umalola kuti osindikiza azipanga zilembo zapamwamba. Mothandizidwa ndi maginito oyika, njerezo zidatsukidwa ndiukadaulo wapamwamba amphero. Mayankho oyamba a Kirlian adagwira ntchito m'makampani azakudya ndi zamankhwala. Powona kuwala pang'ono pakati pa maelekitirodi a zida za physiotherapy kuchipatala, Semyon Davidovich adayamba kujambula zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Adazindikira kuti kuwala koteroko kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kuzindikira matenda amunthu. Popanda kuthandizidwa ndi boma, a Kirlian ndi akazi awo a Valentina, omwe adathandizira amuna awo pantchito yawo, adapitiliza kufufuza kwa zaka makumi ambiri, mpaka pomwe womangayo adamwalira mu 1978. Kukomeza kwamakono kozungulira "Kirlian Effect" ndikudziwika kwa auras, ndi zina zambiri sikugwirizana ndi nzika za Krasnodar.
9. Mwakulandila kwake, Samuil Marshak adalemba za ana ku Yekaterinodar. Pa Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni, adatumiza banja lake kumzinda woyamba, kenako adadzisuntha. Ngakhale kuti Yekaterinodar idadutsa kangapo kuchokera koyera mpaka kufiyira komanso mosemphanitsa, moyo wachikhalidwe unali ukukulira mumzinda. Kuphatikiza apo, chithupsa ichi sichinadalire mtundu wa mbendera m'malo opezeka anthu onse - ofiira ndi azungu adasaina malamulo opha ndi dzanja limodzi, ndipo ndi dzanja linalo adaloledwa kutsegula magazini azolemba komanso malo ochitira zisudzo. imasewera ndi Samuil Yakovlevich "The Flying Chest". "Nyumba ya Mphaka" ndi "Mbiri ya Mbuzi" zidalembedwanso ku Yekaterinodar, koma kale pansi paulamuliro wa Soviet.
10. Chodabwitsa, ngakhale kulipo kwa nsanja ya hyperboloid ya Vladimir Shukhov ku Krasnodar, mzindawu ulibe chizindikiro chowonekera. Manja amzindawu amawoneka ngati achinyengo okonda kutsatsa anthu kuposa Krasnodar. Koma nsanja yapaderayi yokhala ndi dziwe lamadzi, lomwe linamangidwa mu 1935, inkafunanso kuti iwonongedwe. Sizinabwere ku izi, ndipo tsopano nsanjayo yazunguliridwa mbali zitatu ndi nyumba za malo ogulitsira "Gallery Krasnodar". Monga chizindikiro, pakadali pano zikugwirizana ndi bizinesi yaku Vodokanal. Nsanjayo idagunda Krasnodar yense mu 1994, pamene nyuzipepala ina yakomweko "idawulula" kuchuluka kwa ng'ona zosavomerezeka mu thankiyo. Akuti, poyesa kunyamula ng'ona adathawa ndipo tsopano adakhazikika ku Kuban. Chikhulupiriro m'mawu osindikizidwa chinali champhamvu kwambiri kwakuti pakati pa chilimwe magombe analibe kanthu.
11. Pamodzi ndi zipilala kwa anthu enieni ku Krasnodar, zipilala ndi zikumbutso zimamangidwa polemekeza anthu ndi zochitika zomwe sizimayembekezereka. Pamodzi ndi chipilala cha wojambula Ilya Repin, yemwe adachita gawo lalikulu lokonzekera kujambula "The Cossacks Lembani Kalata kwa Sultan waku Turkey" ku Krasnodar, palinso chipilala kwa a Cossacks awa - otchulidwa pachithunzicho. Ilya Ilf sanapiteko ku Krasnodar, ndipo Yevgeny Petrov adakhala masiku ochepa mumzinda mu chipwirikiti cha 1942. Ngwazi yawo yayikulu, Ostap Bender, sanapiteko ku Krasnodar, ndipo pali chipilala chachinyengo mu mzindawu. Pali zipilala mu mzindawu kwa Mlendo wopanda dzina ndi Pirate, chikwama, Shurik ndi Lida kuchokera nthabwala yosatha "Operation Y" ndi zochitika zina za Shurik.
Ndi anthu ovomerezeka okha a Krasnodar mzaka khumi zapitazi omwe akuchulukirachulukira ndi anthu 20-25,000 pachaka. Ambiri amawona izi ngati chifukwa chodzinyadira: Krasnodar mwina adakhala (pa Seputembara 22, 2018, idakondweretsedwabe, koma kenako Rosstat adakonza) kapena akufuna kukhala milionea! Komabe, kuchuluka kwa anthu koteroko kunali tsoka ngakhale mzachuma chomwe chimakonzedwa; pamsika, zimabweretsa zovuta zomwe zimawoneka kuti sizingasungunuke. Izi zikugwiranso ntchito ndimomwe zimakhalira mumisewu. Kupanikizika kwamagalimoto kumapangidwa m'nyengo yozizira komanso chilimwe, mvula ndi nyengo youma, nthawi yayitali kwambiri ngakhale chifukwa cha ngozi zazing'ono zapamsewu. Izi zikuipiraipira chifukwa cha zonyansa zamphepo zamphepo - pambuyo pa mvula yambiri kapena yocheperako, Krasnodar itha kusinthidwa kuti Venice kwakanthawi. Kuchuluka kwa anthu kusowa masukulu (m'masukulu ena pali zofanana ndi makalasi mpaka kalata "F") ndi kindergartens (kuchuluka kwa magulu kukufika pangozi ya anthu 50). Akuluakulu akuwoneka kuti akuyesera kuchita kena kalikonse, koma sukulu, ngakhale sukulu ya mkaka, kapena msewu sungamangidwe mwachangu. Ndipo ambiri mwa iwo amafunikira ...
13. Krasnodar ndi mzinda wamasewera. M'zaka zaposachedwa, chifukwa cha a Sergey Galitsky, mzindawu umasewera ndi FC Krasnodar. Yakhazikitsidwa mu 2008, gululi lidutsa magawo onse oyang'anira mpira waku Russia. M'nyengo za 2014/2015 ndi 2018/2019, "Bulls", momwe gululi limatchulidwira, lakhala lachitatu ku Russian Soccer Premier League. Krasnodar adakwanitsanso kumaliza nawo chikho cha Russia ndikufika pamasewera osewerera ku Europa League. Anali womaliza kumaliza chikho cha Russia komanso kilabu ina ya Krasnodar "Kuban", koma chifukwa cha mavuto azachuma timuyo, yomwe idakhalapo kuyambira 1928, idasokonekera mu 2018. Kalabu ya Basketball "Lokomotiv-Kuban" idapambana kawiri chikho cha Russia komanso wopambana VTB United League, mu 2013 adapambana Eurocup, ndipo mu 2016 adakhala wopambana mphotho yachitatu ya Euroleague. Kalabu ya mpira wamanja ya SKIF, komanso matimu a volleyball ya amuna ndi akazi a Dynamo, amasewera m'magulu apamwamba aku Russia.
14. Krasnodar Airport, yomwe idatchulidwanso kuti Catherine II, imadziwikanso ndi dzina loti Paskovsky. Zipata zamlengalenga za Krasnodar zili kum'mawa kwa mzindawu, osati kutali ndi pakati - mutha kupita ku Pashkovsky pa trolleybus. Potengera kuchuluka kwa omwe akukwera, eyapoti ili pa 9 ku Russia. Magalimoto okwera pa eyapoti ya Pashkovsky amakhala ndi nyengo yayikulu - ngati m'miyezi yachisanu ntchito zake zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu opitilira 300,000, ndiye kuti chilimwe chiwerengerochi chimakwera pafupifupi theka la miliyoni. Ndege pafupifupi 30 zimayendetsa ndege kupita kumizinda yaku Russia, mayiko a CIS, komanso Turkey, Italy, United Arab Emirates, Greece ndi Israel.
15. Pankhondo yolimbirana mutu wa likulu lina ku Russia, Krasnodar ikadakhala yabwino kuphatikizira ojambula ma cinema kutchuka kwake. Mpaka pano, moona sanawononge mzinda wokongola wakummwera ndi chidwi chawo. Mafilimu otchuka, omwe misewu ya Krasnodar idatumikira ngati mtundu, amatha kuwerengera pa zala za dzanja limodzi. Izi ndizo, choyambirira, zonse zomwe zidasinthidwa ndi a Alexei Tolstoy "Kuyenda movutikira" (1974 - 1977, V. Ordynsky ndi 1956 - 1959, G. Roshal). Kujambula mu Krasnodar makanema odziwika bwino "Ndikamwalira, chonde mlandu Klava K." (1980), A Memento for Prosecutor (1989), ndi The Player Player (1980). Kanema womaliza mpaka pano wojambulidwa ku Krasnodar amaperekedwanso pamutu wa mpira. Uyu ndi "Coach" wa Danila Kozlovsky.
16. Pali sitima yapamadzi yeniyeni ku Krasnodar. Zowona kwambiri kuti, malinga ndi njinga wamba, koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, kampani yoledzera idatsala pang'ono kulanda (kapena ngakhale kulandidwa, koma idagwidwa mwachangu) bwato kuchokera padoko. Bwato la M-261 lili mu "Park of 30 Years of Victory". Adasamutsidwa kupita ku Krasnodar kuchokera ku Black Sea Fleet atalembedwa. M'zaka za m'ma 1990, nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale inatsekedwa, ndipo bwatolo linali loipa kwambiri. Kenako zidasindikizidwa ndi zigamba, koma ntchito yosungiramo zinthu zakale sinayambirenso.
17. Ngale yatsopano ya Krasnodar ndiye bwalo lamasewera lomweli. Ntchito yomangayo idathandizidwa ndi mwiniwake wa kalabu ya mpira "Krasnodar" Sergey Galitsky. Ntchito yomanga bwaloli idatenga miyezi 40 ndendende - ntchito yomanga idayamba mu Epulo 2013, idatha mu Seputembara 2016. Krasnodar idapangidwa ku Germany, idamangidwa ndimakampani aku Turkey, ndipo zida zamkati ndi zakunja zidapangidwa ndi makampani aku Russia. Bwalo la Krasnodar limakhala anthu opitilira 34 zikwi ndipo amadziwika kuti ndi amodzi mwamabwalo abwino kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Kunja, chimafanana ndi Roma Colose. Sitediyamu ili pafupi ndi paki yokongola, yomwe idamangidwanso kutsegulidwa kwa bwaloli. Mtengo wapaki ndi wofanana ndi mtengo wa bwalo lamasewera - $ 250 miliyoni poyerekeza $ 400.
18. Pomwe paliponse ku Russia tram imanenedwa kuti ndi njira yopanda phindu yofananira ndimayendedwe amtundu wa tram, ku Krasnodar amakwanitsa kuthandizira mayendedwe ena poyerekeza ndi tram.Kuphatikiza apo, Krasnodar akufuna kupangira ma tram opitilira 20 km ndikugula magalimoto atsopano 100 m'zaka zikubwerazi. Nthawi yomweyo, sizinganenedwe kuti tram ku Krasnodar inali yotsogola kwambiri. Pali magalimoto atsopano ochepa, palibe zida zamagetsi ngati GPS-zidziwitso paliponse, ndipo malipiro (ma ruble 28) nthawi zina amavomerezedwa ndi ndalama. Komabe, maukonde ambiri amizere, kupitilira kwakanthawi kosunthika ndi kukonza njanji ndi njanji kumalola tram kukhalabe mayendedwe otchuka am'mizinda.
19. Poyerekeza ndi mizinda yambiri yaku Russia, nyengo ya Krasnodar ndiyabwino kwambiri. Kutentha kwambiri sikupezeka kuno, ngakhale mu Januware kutentha kwapakati ndi +0.8 - + 1 ° С. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala masiku otentha pafupifupi 300 pachaka, mpweya umagawidwa mofanana. Komabe, pakuwona kwa chitonthozo, zinthu sizili bwino kwenikweni. M'ngululu ndi nthawi yophukira nyengo ku Krasnodar ndiyabwino kwambiri, koma mchilimwe, chifukwa chinyezi komanso kutentha, ndibwino kuti musatulukenso panja. Ma air conditioner amagwiritsidwa ntchito mopitilira muyeso, pomwe maukonde amagetsi ndi ma substation sangathe kupirira. M'nyengo yozizira, chifukwa cha chinyezi chomwecho, ngakhale chisanu chochepa kwambiri chokhala ndi mphepo chimatsogolera ku icing ya misewu, misewu, mitengo ndi mawaya.
20. Maidan awo ku Krasnodar adayamba pa Januware 15, 1961, Maidans asanakhale odziwika. Dzinalo la "onizhedete" wa Krasnodar anali Vasily Gren - msirikali wankhondo yemwe amayesa kugulitsa zopanda pake mu msika. Anamangidwa ndi gulu lankhondo. Khamu la anthu omwe adakwiya adayesetsa kubweza omwe adalamulidwa ndi boma. Okhazikitsa malamulo anali osagwira ntchito, ndipo zochitikazo zidakulungidwa ngati mpira wachisanu. Khamu la anthu lidayamba kulanda malo apolisi, kenako gulu lankhondo, koma zidangowoneka ngati wopulumutsidwa wina - wophunzira wasekondale, yemwe adalumikizidwa ndi chipolopolo cha mlonda ku gulu lankhondo. Cholinga chotsatira cha nzika zokwiya chinali komiti yamzinda wachipanichi. Apa kumenyanako kunali kopambana - omwe anali mbali yandale adathawa kudzera m'mawindo, nzika zawokha zidakwanitsa kutenga zinthu zambiri zothandiza kupitiliza kulimbana: makapeti, mipando, magalasi, utoto. Otsutsa otopa adagona pomwe panali komiti yamzindawo. Kumeneko, m'mawa, anayamba kumangidwa. Okhazikitsa milandu adadziwika, milandu idasungidwa, ndipo zikuwoneka kuti adaperekanso zilango zingapo zakuphedwa. Koma olamulira sanatengepo kanthu - amayenera kuwombera mozama ku Novocherkassk.
