Mumakhala m'chipululu cha taiga, mulibe magetsi komanso kulumikizana ndi anthu akunja. Izi zongopeka mpaka zosatheka ndiye mwayi wokhawo masiku ano wosagwiritsa ntchito makompyuta. Ngakhale mawotchi amayenera kukhala pamakina - wotchi iliyonse yamagetsi imakhala ndi purosesa yachikale.
Chitukuko chamakono ndichosatheka popanda makompyuta. Ndipo sizokhudza ngakhale makompyuta omwe timakonda, ma laputopu ndi mafoni. Dziko lingachite popanda iwo. Inde, wina adzafunika kulemba ndi cholembera ndi kujambula ndi utoto, koma maluso oterowo satha. Koma kasamalidwe ka njira zopangira zovuta kwambiri kapena zoyendera popanda makompyuta ndizosatheka. Ngakhale zaka makumi angapo zapitazo, zonse zinali zosiyana.
1. Kupanga kompyuta yoyamba yapadziko lonse ya ENIAC, yomwe idapangidwa ku USA mu 1945, idawononga $ 500,000. Chilombocho cha matani 20 chinadya magetsi okwana 174 kW ndipo chinali ndi nyali zoposa 17,000. Zambiri za kuwerengera zidalowa mu kompyuta yoyamba kuchokera pamakadi omenyedwa. Pofuna kuwerengera magawo osavuta kwambiri a kuphulika kwa bomba la haidrojeni, zidatenga makhadi oposa miliyoni imodzi. M'ngululu ya 1950, ENIAC idayesa kupanga zanyengo za tsiku lotsatira. Zinatenga nthawi yochuluka kwambiri kusanja ndi kusindikiza makhadi omenyedwa, komanso m'malo mwa nyali zomwe zalephera, kotero kuti kuwerengera komwe kunanenedweratu kwa maola 24 otsatira kunatenga maola 24 ndendende, ndiye kuti, m'malo mokangana nthawi zonse mozungulira galimoto, asayansi amangoyang'ana pazenera. Komabe, ntchito yolosera zamanyengo idawonedwa ngati yopambana.
2. Masewera apakompyuta oyamba adawonekera mu 1952. Adapangidwa ndi Pulofesa Alexander Douglas ngati fanizo laulemu wake. Masewerawa amatchedwa OXO ndipo anali kukhazikitsa kompyuta pamasewera a Tic-Tac-Toe. Masewerawa adawonetsedwa pazenera ndi mapikiselo a 35 ndi 16. Wogwiritsa ntchito kompyuta amagwiritsa ntchito disk ya foni.
3. Mu 1947, asitikali ankhondo, Gulu Lankhondo, ndi US Census Bureau adalamula kompyuta yamphamvu ku kampani ya John Eckert ndi John Mauchly. Chitukukochi chidachitika pokhapokha ndalama za federal. Mwa kuwerengera kotsatira, analibe nthawi yopanga kompyuta, komabe, mu 1951, makasitomala adalandira makina oyamba, otchedwa UNIVAC. Kampani ya Eckert ndi Mauchly italengeza cholinga chofalitsa makompyuta 18 pa awa, anzawo pamsonkhano adaganiza kuti ziwerengerozi zidzakwaniritsa msika wazaka zikubwerazi. Makompyuta a UNIVAC asanachitike, Eckert ndi Mauchly anali atangotulutsa makina 18. Otsiriza, omwe ankagwira ntchito pakampani yayikulu ya inshuwaransi, adatsekedwa mu 1970.
4. Kuyambira m'chilimwe cha 2019, mutu wamakompyuta wamphamvu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi wakhala ukuchitidwa ndi "Summit" yaku America chaka chachiwiri. Magwiridwe ake, omwe amawerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito ziwonetsero za Linapack, ndi ma Gigaflops 148.6 miliyoni (magwiridwe antchito apanyumba ndi ma Gigaflops mazana). Msonkhano uli m'malo a 520 m22... Amasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera kuma processor pafupifupi 1,000 22-core. Makina ozizira a kompyuta yayikulu amazungulira madzi a cubic metres 15 ndikugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwa mabanja pafupifupi 8,000. Msonkhanowu udawononga $ 325 miliyoni. China ndiyotsogola pamiyeso yamakompyuta ambiri. Pali makina 206 omwe akugwira ntchito mdziko muno. Ma supercomputer a 124 akhazikitsidwa ku USA, ku Russia alipo 4 okha.
5. Choyendetsa choyambirira choyamba chidapangidwa ndi IBM ya US Air Force. Malinga ndi mgwirizano, kampaniyo imayenera kupanga cholozera cha zinthu za 50,000 ndikupereka chilichonse kwa iwo nthawi yomweyo. Ntchitoyi inamalizidwa pasanathe zaka ziwiri. Zotsatira zake, pa Seputembara 4, 1956, anthu adapatsidwa kabati mita imodzi ndi theka mita 1,7 kutalika ndikulemera pafupifupi tani, yotchedwa IBM 350 Disk Storage Unit. Dalaivala yoyamba padziko lapansi inali ndi ma disks 50 okhala ndi masentimita 61 m'mimba mwake ndipo munali ma data a 3.5 MB.
6.Pulosesa yaying'ono kwambiri padziko lapansi idapangidwa ndi IBM mu 2018. Chip chokhala ndi kukula kwa 1 × 1 millimeter, chokhala ndi ma transistor mazana masauzande angapo, ndi purosesa wathunthu. Imatha kulandira, kusunga ndi kukonza zambiri mothamanga mofanana ndi ma processor a x86 omwe amapangidwa mzaka za m'ma 1990. Izi sizokwanira pamakompyuta amakono. Komabe, mphamvuyi ndi yokwanira kuthana ndi zovuta zina zomwe sizigwirizana ndi "makompyuta apamwamba" kapena kuwerengera kwasayansi. Microprocessor imatha kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa katundu munyumba zosungiramo zinthu ndikuthana ndi zovuta pazinthu. Komabe, purosesa iyi sinayambebe kupanga misa - pazinthu zamakono, ngakhale mtengo wake uli pafupifupi masenti 10, kuchepa kwake ndikochulukirapo.
7. Msika wapadziko lonse wamakompyuta oyimilira wakhala akuwonetsa zovuta zoyipa kwa zaka 7 kale - nthawi yomaliza yogulitsa malonda idalembedwa mu 2012. Ngakhale zowerengera sizinathandize - ma laputopu, omwe, kwenikweni, ali pafupi ndi zida zamagetsi, adalembetsa m'makompyuta oyimirira. Koma lingaliro ili lidapangitsa kuti zitheke kupanga nkhope yabwino mumasewera oyipa - kugwa kwa msika kumawerengedwa ndi ochepa peresenti. Komabe, izi zikuwonekeratu - kuchuluka kwa anthu amakonda mapiritsi ndi mafoni.
8. Pachifukwa chomwechi - kuchuluka kwa mapiritsi ndi mafoni a m'manja - zomwe zapeza kuchuluka kwa makompyuta anu m'maiko osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi zikutha. Kuwerengera komaliza kotereku kunachitika ndi International Telecommunication Union kumbuyo ku 2004. Malinga ndi izi, dziko lomwe linali lamakompyuta kwambiri linali laling'ono ku San Marino - kanyumba kakang'ono komwe kali ku Italy. Panali ma desktops 727 pa anthu 1,000 ku San Marino. United States inali ndi makompyuta 554 pa anthu chikwi, kenako Sweden yokhala ndi kompyuta imodzi pa anthu awiri alionse. Russia yokhala ndi makompyuta 465 ili pachisanu ndi chiwiri pamlingo uwu. Pambuyo pake, International Telecommunication Union yasintha njira yowerengera ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti, ngakhale zikuwoneka ngati zotsutsana - kodi munthu amagwiritsa ntchito kompyuta, laputopu, piritsi ndi foni yam'manja yolumikizidwa pa intaneti, ndi ameneyu kapena 4? Komabe, malingaliro ena atengedwa kuchokera ku ziwerengerozi. Malinga ndi iye, ku 2017, nzika zaku Norway, Denmark, Falkland Islands ndi Iceland zinali zolumikizidwa kwathunthu pa intaneti - kuchuluka kwa "kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti" m'magawo awo kunapitilira 95%. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa zotsatira zake sikokwanira. Ku New Zealand, pa 15th, 88% yaomwe ali ndi intaneti. Ku Russia, nzika 76.4% nzolumikizidwa ndi Webusayiti Yapadziko Lonse - 41 padziko lapansi.
9. Ma smile apakompyuta, kapena mwa kuyankhula kwina, ma emoticon ndi umboni wowonekera wa momwe nthawi zina akatswiri osakwanira amasinthira dziko. Mu 1969, Vladimir Nabokov, wolemba buku "Lolita", adapempha kuti akhazikitse chikwangwani chosonyeza kukhudzidwa. Chomwe chingakhale chosangalatsa kwambiri - wojambula mawuwa akuwonetsa kuti m'malo mwa mawu ndi zizindikilo, kubwerera ku ma runes kapena zolemba za cuneiform! Komabe, lingaliro lomwe lidayankhulidwa, monga tingawonere, lakwaniritsidwa. Scott Fallman, yemwe nthawi zonse amateteza maumboni a ambuye ake ndi udokotala ku Massachusetts Institute of Technology, adadziwika padziko lapansi osati chifukwa chaukatswiri wake pantchito yolumikizana ndi ma neural ndi semantic, koma chifukwa chokhazikitsidwa kwa zizindikiritso 🙂 ndi :-(.
10. Mabuku ambiri alembedwa onena za kuwukira kwa kompyuta yayikulu (kapena, makompyuta apakompyuta) motsutsana ndi anthu. Ndipo chiwonongeko chowopsya chapamwamba osati chapamwamba kwambiri chinatenga uthenga woyamba wa olemba lingaliro la "kuwukira pamakina". Koma anali wamisala wabwino. Kuchokera pamaganizidwe apakompyuta opanda kanthu, machitidwe a anthu amawoneka osayenera, ndipo nthawi zina amakhala opanda pake. Kodi ndi zikhalidwe ziti zomwe zimagwirizana ndi malingaliro oti "kuphika" ndi "kubereka"! M'malo motenga chakudya momwe chidaliri kapena kungokwatitsa chachimuna ndi chachikazi, anthu amadzitopetsa ndi njira zopanda nzeru kwenikweni. Chifukwa chake, "kuwukira makina" kwakale sichikufuna kulanda anthu. Ndi chikhumbo chamakompyuta chomwe mwadzidzidzi chinapeza luntha lothandizira, kuwongolera miyoyo ya anthu.
11. M'zaka za m'ma 1980 ku Soviet Union, okonda masewera oyamba apakompyuta sanagule nawo ma disc, koma magazini. Ogwiritsa ntchito masiku ano akuyenera kuyamika kudzipereka kwa othamanga oyamba. Zinali zofunikira kugula magazini momwe makina osindikizira adasindikizidwira, kuyiyika pamanja kuchokera pa kiyibodi, kuyamba ndikusunga masewerawo pa analogue ya flash drive - tepi kaseti. Pambuyo pa masewerawa, kukhazikitsa masewerawo kuchokera pa kaseti kumawoneka ngati kusewera kwa ana, ngakhale tepi ya kaseti imatha kusweka. Ndipo ma TV wamba anali ngati chowunikira.
12. Zotsatira zake mukamasulira, mawu osinthira mawu kapena foni yam'manja imayamba kulingalira za munthu polemba, kukonza mawu omwe sanatchulidwe molondola, malinga ndi luntha la makina, amatchedwa "Cupertino Effect". Komabe, tawuni ya Cupertino, yomwe ili m'boma la California ku California, ili ndi ubale wosalunjika ndi dzinali. M'ma processor oyamba amawu, mawu achingerezi akuti "mgwirizano" adasinthidwa - "mgwirizano". Ngati wogwiritsa ntchito adalemba mawuwa palimodzi, purosesayo adangosintha dzina la tawuni yosadziwika yaku America. Vutoli linali lofala kwambiri kotero kuti silinangodutsa masamba osindikiza okha, komanso zikalata zovomerezeka. Koma, zachidziwikire, mpaka misala yapano ndi ntchito ya T9, sizinangokhala chabe chidwi chodabwitsa.
