Buku la Mikhail Sholokhov "Quiet Don" ndi imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu kwambiri osati zaku Russia zokha, komanso zolemba zonse zapadziko lonse lapansi. Wolembedwa pamtundu wazowona, buku lonena za moyo wa Cossack mu Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse komanso Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni zidapangitsa Sholokhov kukhala wolemba dziko wodziwika.
Sholokhov adatha kusintha nkhani ya moyo wa kagulu kakang'ono ka anthu kukhala chinsalu chachikulu chosonyeza kusintha kwakukulu kwa miyoyo ya anthu onse chifukwa cha zipolowe zankhondo komanso zandale. Zolemba za "Quiet Don" zidalembedwa modabwitsa, palibe ngwazi "zakuda" ndi "zoyera" m'bukuli. Wolemba adakwanitsa, momwe angathere ku Soviet Union panthawi yolemba The Quiet Don, kuti apewe kuyesa "kwakuda ndi koyera" kwa zochitika zakale.
Mutu waukulu wankhaniyi, ndiye nkhondo, yomwe idakula ndikusintha, komwe kudasandukanso nkhondo yatsopano. Koma mu "Quiet Don" wolemba adatha kuthana ndi zovuta zonse zakusaka kwamakhalidwe ndi ubale pakati pa abambo ndi ana, ndipo panali malo mu buku la nyimbo zachikondi. Ndipo vuto lalikulu ndi vuto la kusankha, lomwe limakumana mobwerezabwereza ndi otchulidwa m'bukuli. Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi zambiri amayenera kusankha pazoyipa ziwiri, ndipo nthawi zina chisankhocho chimakhala chovomerezeka, chokakamizidwa ndi zakunja.
1. Sholokhov mwiniwake, poyankhulana ndi zolemba za mbiri yakale, akuti chiyambi cha ntchito yolemba "Quiet Don" ndi Okutobala 1925. Komabe, kuphunzira mosamala zolembedwa pamanja za wolemba kudatsimikizira deti ili. Inde, kugwa kwa 1925, Sholokhov adayamba kulemba ntchito yokhudza tsogolo la Cossacks mzaka zosintha. Koma, potengera zojambulazo, ntchitoyi itha kukhala nkhani yayikulu kwambiri - voliyumu yake yonse siyingadutse masamba 100. Pozindikira kuti mutuwo utha kuwululidwa mu ntchito yayikulu kwambiri, wolemba adasiya ntchito pamalemba omwe adayamba. Sholokhov adayang'ana kwambiri posonkhanitsa zinthu zowona. Ntchito ya "Quiet Don" mu mtundu wake womwe udalipo idayamba ku Vyoshenskaya pa Novembara 6, 1926. Umu ndi momwe pepala lopanda kanthu lidalembedwera. Pazifukwa zomveka, Sholokhov anaphonya Novembala 7. Mizere yoyamba ya bukuli idapezeka Novembala 8. Ntchito gawo loyamba la bukuli linatha pa June 12, 1927.
2. Malinga ndi kuwerengera kwa wolemba mbiri wotchuka, wolemba komanso wofufuza za ntchito za M. Sholokhov Sergei Semanov, anthu 883 adatchulidwa m'buku "Quiet Don". 251 mwa iwo ndi mbiri yakale. Nthawi yomweyo, ofufuza a "Quiet Don" adazindikira kuti Sholokhov adakonzekera kufotokozera anthu ena angapo, koma sanaphatikizemo. M'malo mwake, tsogolo la anthu enieni lidawoloka ndi Sholokhov mobwerezabwereza m'moyo. Kotero, mtsogoleri wa chipwirikiti ku Vyoshenskaya, Pavel Kudinov, yemwe adatchulidwa m'buku lodziwika ndi dzina lake, adathawira ku Bulgaria atagonjetsedwa. Mu 1944, atabwera asitikali aku Soviet Union mdziko muno, Kudinov adamangidwa ndikuweruzidwa kuti akhale m'ndende zaka 10. Atakhala m'ndende, adamukakamiza kuti abwerere ku Bulgaria, koma adatha kulumikizana kuchokera kumeneko ndi MA Shholokhov ndikubwera ku Vyoshenskaya. Wolembayo akadatha kudzidziwitsa yekha bukuli - ali ndi zaka 14, amakhala ku Vyoshenskaya m'nyumba momwe mayi wamasiye wa wapolisi wa Cossack Drozdov anazunza mwankhanza wachikomyunizimu Ivan Serdinov.
3. Nkhani yoti Sholokhov sanali mlembi weniweni wa "Quiet Don" idayamba mu 1928, pomwe inki inali isanawume pamakope a magazini ya "Okutobala", momwe mabuku awiri oyamba adasindikizidwira. Aleksandr Serafimovich, yemwe panthawiyo anali kukonza Oktyabr, adalongosola mphekesera ndi nsanje, ndipo adawona kuti kampeni yofalitsa nkhaniyo idachita bungwe. Zowonadi, bukuli lidasindikizidwa kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, ndipo otsutsawo analibe nthawi yoti awunikire bwino zolemba zawo kapena chiwembucho. Gulu lodzipereka pamsonkhanowu ndiyothekanso. Olemba Soviet mu nthawi imeneyo anali asanakhale ogwirizana mu Writers 'Union (izi zidachitika mu 1934), koma anali m'mayanjano ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana. Ntchito yayikulu yamagulu awa inali kusaka opikisana nawo. Iwo amene anali okwanira kuti awononge mnzake mu luso la akatswiri anzeru anali okwanira nthawi zonse.
4. Zomwe amatchedwa, mwa buluu, Sholokhov adamuimba mlandu wakuba chifukwa cha unyamata wake komanso komwe adachokera - pomwe bukuli lidasindikizidwa anali asanakwanitse zaka 23, ambiri mwa iwo amakhala mozama, malinga ndi likulu la anthu, chigawochi. Kuchokera pakuwona masamu, 23 sikukhala msinkhu kwenikweni. Komabe, ngakhale mzaka zamtendere mu Ufumu wa Russia, ana amayenera kukula mwachangu kwambiri, osatinso zaka zakusintha ndi Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni. Anzanu a Sholokhov - omwe adakwanitsa kukhala ndi moyo mpaka pano - anali ndi zokumana nazo zazikulu pamoyo wawo. Amayang'anira magulu ankhondo akuluakulu, amayang'anira mabizinesi amakampani ndi oyang'anira madera. Koma kwa oimira anthu "oyera", omwe ana awo ali ndi zaka 25 atamaliza maphunziro awo ku yunivesite anali atangoyamba kudziwa choti achite, Sholokhov ali ndi zaka 23 anali wachinyamata wosadziwa zambiri. Kwa iwo omwe anali mu bizinesi, uwu unali msinkhu wokhwima.
5. Mphamvu za Sholokhov pa "Quiet Don" zitha kuwonedwa bwino kuchokera m'makalata a wolemba, yemwe adagwira ntchito kwawo, m'mudzi wa Bukanovskaya, ndi olemba ku Moscow. Poyamba, Mikhail Alexandrovich adafuna kulemba buku lachigawo 9, mapepala osindikizidwa 40 - 45. Anapeza ntchito yomweyo mu magawo 8, koma 90 mapepala. Malipiro nawonso adakula kwambiri. Mtengo woyambirira unali ma ruble a 100 papepala losindikizidwa, chifukwa chake, Sholokhov adalandira ma ruble a 325. Chidziwitso: m'mawu osavuta, kuti mutanthauzire mapepala osindikizidwa kukhala achizolowezi, muyenera kuchulukitsa nambala yawo ndi 0,16. Mtengo wotsatirayi ungafanane ndi zomwe zidasindikizidwa pa pepala la A4 la 14 mufonti yokhala ndi theka ndi theka.
6. Kutulutsa kwa voliyumu yoyamba ya "Quiet Don" kunakondwereredwa osati kokha ndi kumwa kwachikhalidwe chakumwa choledzeretsa. Pafupi ndi malo ogulitsira, omwe amagula chakudya ndi zakumwa, panali malo ogulitsira "Caucasus". Mmenemo, Mikhail Alexandrovich nthawi yomweyo adagula Kubanka, burka, beshmet, lamba, malaya ndi mipeni. Ndipazovala izi momwe amawonetsedwa pachikuto cha buku lachiwiri, lofalitsidwa ndi Roman-Gazeta.
7. Mtsutso wokhudza unyamata wosaneneka wa wolemba Quiet Don, yemwe ali ndi zaka 26 anamaliza buku lachitatu la bukuli, watsutsidwa kwathunthu ngakhale ndi ziwerengero zenizeni zolemba. Alexander Fadeev adalemba "Spill" ali ndi zaka 22. Leonid Leonov mu m'badwo womwewo anali kale namatetule. Nikolai Gogol anali ndi zaka 22 pomwe adalemba Madzulo pa Famu pafupi ndi Dikanka. Sergei Yesenin ali ndi zaka 23 anali wotchuka pamlingo wa nyenyezi zamakono zamakono. Wotsutsa Nikolai Dobrolyubov wamwalira kale ali ndi zaka 25, atatha kulowa m'mbiri yazolemba zaku Russia. Ndipo si olemba ndi ndakatulo onse omwe amatha kudzitama kuti ali ndi maphunziro. Mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wake, Ivan Bunin, monga Sholokhov, adakwanitsa maphunziro anayi m'sukuluyi. Leonov yemweyo sanaloledwe ku yunivesite. Ngakhale osayang'ana ntchitoyo, munthu angaganize kuchokera pamutu wa buku la Maxim Gorky "My University" kuti wolemba sanagwire ntchito ndi mayunivesite akale.
8. Mtsinje woyamba womunamizira kuti wakuba wina wagona pambuyo pa komiti yapadera yogwira ntchito motsogozedwa ndi Maria Ulyanova, atalandira zolemba za "Quiet Don" kuchokera ku Sholokhov, adatsimikizira mosapita m'mbali wolemba Mikhail Alexandrovich. Pomaliza, lofalitsidwa ku Pravda, bungweli lidapempha nzika kuti zithandizire kuzindikira magwero abodzawo. Kuwonekera pang'ono kwa "umboni" kuti wolemba bukulo sanali Sholokhov, koma wolemba odziwika Fyodor Kryukov, zidachitika mzaka za m'ma 1930, koma chifukwa chosowa bungwe, kampeniyo idatha msanga.
9. "Quiet Don" idayamba kutanthauziridwa kunja nthawi yomweyo mabuku atasindikizidwa ku Soviet Union (mzaka za m'ma 1930, zovomerezeka sizinakhale zamatsenga). Kutembenuza koyamba kudasindikizidwa ku Germany mu 1929. Chaka chotsatira, bukuli linayamba kufalitsidwa ku France, Sweden, Holland ndi Spain. Great Britain yodziletsa idayamba kuwerenga Quiet Don mu 1934. Ndizodziwika kuti ku Germany ndi France ntchito ya Sholokhov idasindikizidwa m'mabuku osiyana, ndipo pagombe la Foggy Albion "Quiet Don" adasindikizidwa mzidutswa mu kope la Sunday Times la Sunday Times.
10. Omwe adasamukira kudziko lina adalandira "Quiet Don" ndi chidwi chosaneneka cha mabuku aku Soviet Union. Komanso, zomwe zimachitika m'bukuli sizidalira zokonda zawo. Ndipo ma monarchists, othandizira, ndi adani a boma la Soviet adalankhula za bukuli mwakuya chabe. Mphekesera zakubera zomwe zidawonekera zidanyozedwa ndikuyiwalika. Pokhapokha atachoka m'badwo woyamba atapita, kwakukulukulu, kudziko lina, pomwe ana awo ndi zidzukulu zawo adayambiranso kuyankhula zabodza.
11. Sholokhov sanasunge konse zida zokonzekera ntchito zake. Poyamba, adawotcha zolemba, zojambula, zolemba, ndi zina zambiri, chifukwa amawopa kunyozedwa ndi anzawo - amati, akutero, akukonzekera zachikale. Kenako idakhala chizolowezi, cholimbikitsidwa ndi chidwi chowonjezeka kuchokera ku NKVD. Chizolowezi ichi chidasungidwa mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wake. Ngakhale sanathenso kuyenda, Mikhail Alexandrovich anawotcha zomwe sanakonde mu chotayira phulusa. Anangosunga buku lomaliza lokha pamanja ndi mtundu womwe adalemba. Chizolowezi ichi chidabweretsa mtengo waukulu kwa wolemba.
12. Mafunde atsopano onena zakubera ena adabuka Kumadzulo ndipo adatengedwa ndi akatswiri anzeru zaku Soviet Union atapatsidwa Mphotho ya Nobel kwa a M. Sholokhov. Tsoka ilo, panalibe chilichonse chobwezera izi - zolemba za The Quiet Don, zomwe zidapezeka, sizinasungidwe. Zolemba pamanja, zomwe zidasungidwa ku Vyoshenskaya, zidaperekedwa ndi Sholokhov ku NKVD yakomweko, koma dipatimenti yachigawo, monga nyumba ya Sholokhov, idaphulitsidwa bomba. Zosungidwazo zidabalalika m'misewu, ndipo amuna a Red Army adatha kusonkhanitsa china chake m'mapepala. Panali mapepala 135, omwe ndi minuscule pamanja pamanja yolemba zambiri.
13. Tsogolo la "zoyera" ndi lofanana ndi chiwembu cha ntchito yochititsa chidwi. Kubwerera mu 1929, atapereka zolembedwazo ku komiti ya Maria Ulyanova, Sholokhov adazisiya ndi mnzake wolemba Vasily Kuvashev, yemwe amakhala mnyumba mwake atafika ku Moscow. Kumayambiriro kwa nkhondo Kuvashev anapita kutsogolo ndipo, malinga ndi mkazi wake, anatenga pamanja pamanja. Mu 1941, Kuvashev adagwidwa ndikumwalira ndi chifuwa chachikulu mndende yankhondo ku Germany. Zolembedwazo zimawerengedwa kuti zatayika. M'malo mwake, zolembedwazo sizinafike kutsogolo kulikonse (ndani angakokere zolembedwa zazikulu patsogolo ndikutenga thumba la duffel?). Anali atagona m'nyumba ya Kuvashev. Mkazi wa wolemba Matilda Chebanova adasungira mkwiyo pa Sholokhov, yemwe, mwa malingaliro ake, amatha kuyambitsa kusamutsa kwa mwamuna wake kuchokera kumalo oyenda kupita kumalo owopsa. Komabe, Kuvashev adamangidwa, osakhalanso mwana wamba, koma kukhala, mothandizidwa ndi Sholokhov, mtolankhani wankhondo komanso wapolisi, yemwe, mwatsoka, sanamuthandize - gulu lonse lankhondo lazunguliridwa. Chebanova, yemwe ana a Sholokhov amamutcha "Azakhali a Motya," adang'ambanso kuchokera kumakalata am'mbuyomu a mamuna ake malo omwe anali ndi chidwi chofuna kudziwa ngati wapereka cholembedwacho kwa Sholokhov. Kale pa zaka za perestroika Chebanova adayesa kugulitsa zolemba pamanja za The Quiet Don poyimira mtolankhani Lev Kolodny. Mtengo wake poyamba unali $ 50,000, kenako unakwera kufika $ 500,000. Mu 1997, Academy of Sciences inalibe ndalama zoterezi. Proka ndi Chebanova ndi mwana wake wamkazi adamwalira ndi khansa. Mchimwene wake wa Chebanova, yemwe adalandira cholowa cha womwalirayo, adapereka cholembedwa cha The Quiet Don ku Academy of Sciences kuti amupatse $ 50,000. Izi zinachitika mu 1999. Patha zaka 15 kuchokera pa imfa ya Sholokhov. Ndi zaka zingati za moyo kuzunzidwa komwe wolemba adatenga ndizovuta kunena.
14. Kuchokera pakuwona kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe adalembedwa kuti The Quiet Don, Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov ndiye mtsogoleri pakati pa olemba aku Russia. Itha kutchedwa "Russian Shakespeare". Monga mukudziwa, wolemba "Romeo ndi Juliet" ndi ntchito zina zofunikira padziko lonse lapansi zidadzutsanso ndipo zikuyambitsa kukayikira kwakukulu. Pali magulu onse a anthu omwe amakhulupirira kuti m'malo mwa Shakespeare, anthu ena adalemba, mpaka kwa Mfumukazi Elizabeth. Pali pafupifupi 80 olemba "enieni" otere. Mndandanda wa Sholokhov ndi wamfupi, koma adamuimbanso mlandu wolemba buku limodzi, osati ntchito yonse. Mndandanda wa olemba enieni a "Quiet Don" mzaka zosiyanasiyana adaphatikizapo A. Serafimovich ndi F. Kryukov, komanso wojambula komanso wotsutsa Sergei Goloushev, apongozi a Sholokhov (!) Pyotr Gromoslavsky, Andrei Platonov, Nikolai Gumilyov (adawombera mu 1921), Wolemba Don Viktor Sevsky (adaphedwa mu 1920).
15. "Quiet Don" adasindikizidwanso maulendo 342 ku USSR kokha. Kutulutsidwanso kwa 1953 kumasiyana. Mkonzi wa bukulo anali Kirill Potapov, mnzake wa Sholokhov. Mwachiwonekere, motsogozedwa ndi malingaliro okondana okha, Potapov adapanga zosintha zoposa 400 m'bukuli. Zambiri mwazinthu zatsopano za Potapov sizokhudza kalembedwe kapena kalembedwe, koma zomwe zili m'bukuli. Mkonzi adapangitsa kuti ntchitoyi ikhale "yofiira kwambiri", "pro-Soviet". Mwachitsanzo, kumayambiriro kwa chaputala 9 cha gawo lachisanu, adayika chidutswa cha mizere 30, chonena za kuguba kwachipambano ku Russia. M'mawu ake, Potapov adawonjezeranso ma telegalamu a atsogoleri aku Soviet ku Don, omwe sagwirizana ndi nkhaniyo. Mkonzi anasandutsa Fyodor Podtyolkov kukhala Bolshevik wamoto mwa kupotoza malongosoledwe ake kapena mawu olembedwa ndi Sholokhov m'malo opitilira 50. Wolemba "Quiet Don" adakwiya kwambiri ndi ntchito ya Potapov kotero kuti adathetsa chibwenzi naye kwanthawi yayitali. Ndipo kufalitsa kunakhala kosowa - bukulo lidasindikizidwa pang'onopang'ono kwambiri.
