Chokoleti ndi zogulitsa zake ndizofala komanso ndizosiyanasiyana kotero kuti, osadziwa mbiriyakale, wina angaganize kuti munthu wakhala akudya chokoleti kuyambira kale. M'malo mwake, zokometsera zofiirira zidabwera ku Europe kuchokera ku America nthawi yofanana ndi mbatata ndi tomato, kotero chokoleti sichingadzitamande mbiri yazaka 1000 za tirigu kapena rye. Pafupifupi nthawi yofanana ndi chokoleti, mayendedwe, lumo ndi mawotchi adayamba kufalikira ku Europe konse.
Anzanu
Tsopano kutsatsa ndi kutsatsa kwadzaza miyoyo yathu kwambiri kotero kuti ubongo, pakumva za kuchuluka kwa mavitamini, magnesium, calcium, mphamvu ya tonic kapena zinthu zina za chinthu kapena chinthu, chimazimitsa. Zimakhala zovuta kwa ife kulingalira kuti m'zaka za zana la 17, chakumwa chokoma kwambiri chimatha kulowa munthu atakomoka pang'ono. Zochita zilizonse zowoneka ngati mphatso yochokera kwa Mulungu. Kuphatikizika kwa kukoma kwabwino komanso kulimbitsa thupi kumakupangitsani kulingalira za tchire lakumwamba. Koma kwa azungu oyamba omwe analawa, chokoleti imagwiranso chimodzimodzi.
Ndi kuchepa konse kwa njira zowonekera, chisangalalocho sichingabisike
Atapezeka ndi Aspanya m'zaka za zana la 16, mitengo ya cocoa idafalikira mwachangu kudera lonse la America, ndipo patadutsa zaka mazana awiri chokoleti idasiya kukhala yachilendo pamfumu. Kusintha kwenikweni pakupanga ndi kumwa chokoleti kunachitika m'zaka za zana la 19. Ndipo sizokhudza ngakhale kupanga ukadaulo wopanga mipiringidzo ya chokoleti. Chowonadi ndi chakuti kwakhala kotheka kupanga chokoleti, monga anganene tsopano, "ndikuwonjezera kwa zinthu zachilengedwe". Batala wa cocoa mu chokoleti watsikira ku 60, 50, 35, 20, ndipo pamapeto pake mpaka 10%. Opanga adathandizidwa ndi kulawa kwamphamvu kwa chokoleti, ngakhale atakhala otsika kwambiri kuposa zokonda zina. Zotsatira zake, tsopano titha kungoganizira mtundu wa chokoleti Kadinala Richelieu, Madame Pompadour ndi ena onse okonda zakumwa izi. Zowonadi, ngakhale ngakhale phukusi la chokoleti chamdima, potanthauzira chomwe chimapangidwa ndi chinthu choyera, pali zolembedwa zazing'ono zazizindikiro ±.
Nazi zina ndi nkhani zomwe zingakhale zosangalatsa komanso zothandiza osati kwa okonda chokoleti akulu okha.
1. Chokoleti yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ku Europe kuyambira 1527 - chaka cha 500th chakubadwa kwa mankhwalawa mu Dziko Lakale posachedwa. Komabe, chokoleti chidawoneka ngati cholimbikira zaka pafupifupi 150 zapitazo. Kuchuluka kwa mipiringidzo ya chokoleti ku Europe kudayamba mu 1875 ku Switzerland. Zisanachitike, idadyedwa mumadzimadzi okhuthala mosiyanasiyana, koyambirira kuzizira, kenako kotentha. Anayamba kumwa chokoleti chotentha mwangozi. Chokoleti chozizira chidayamba bwino atatenthedwa, ndipo woyesererayo, yemwe dzina lake silinasungidwe m'mbiri, mwachidziwikire sanakhale ndi chipiriro kudikirira kuti chakumwa chizizire.
Olimba mtima Cortez sanadziwe mtundu wa gin yemwe amatulutsa m'thumba la khofi
2. Munthu amangopeka kuti wapha chiphe chokoleti chakupha. Theobromine, yomwe ndi alkaloid yayikulu yomwe imapezeka mu nyemba za koko, ndi yoopsa mthupi mwamlingo waukulu (mwa ichi, sichinthu chokha pakati pa ma alkaloids). Komabe, munthu amazoloŵera mosavuta. Kutsekemera kumachitika pamene kuchuluka kwa theobromine ndi 1 gramu pa 1 kilogalamu ya kulemera kwa munthu. Chokoleti cha gramu 100 chili ndi mamiligalamu 150 mpaka 220 a theobromine. Ndiye kuti, kuti adziphe, munthu wolemera makilogalamu 80 ayenera kudya (komanso mwachangu) 400 chokoleti. Izi sizili choncho ndi nyama. Zamoyo zamphaka ndi agalu zimayamwa theobromine pang'onopang'ono, chifukwa chake, kwa anzathu amiyendo inayi, ndende yoopsa ndiyotsika kasanu kuposa anthu. Kwa galu kapena mphaka wa mapaundi asanu, chifukwa chake, ngakhale chokoleti chimodzi chokha chitha kupha. Ku United States, chokoleti ndiye chimakopa kwambiri zimbalangondo. Alenje amangosiya maswiti m'malo oyeretsera ndi kubisalira. Mwanjira iyi, munyengo imodzi yokha yosaka, zimbalangondo pafupifupi 700 - 800 zimaphedwa ku New Hampshire kokha. Komanso zimachitika kuti alenje samawerengera mlingo kapena akuchedwa. Mu 2015, banja losaka la anayi lidapunthwa ndi nyambo. Banja lonselo lidamwalira ndi kumangidwa kwamtima.
3. Mu 2017, Ivory Coast ndi Ghana adalemba pafupifupi 60% ya nyemba zapadziko lonse lapansi. Malinga ndi kafukufuku, Cote D'Ivoire idatulutsa 40% ya zopangira za chokoleti, pomwe Ghana yoyandikana nayo idatulutsa pang'ono 19%. M'malo mwake, sizovuta kupeza malire pakati pa kupanga koko m'mayikowa. Ku Ghana, alimi a cocoa amasangalala ndi thandizo la boma. Ali ndi malipiro olimba (malinga ndi miyezo yaku Africa, inde), boma limagawira mbande za mitengo ya chokoleti kwaulere chaka chilichonse ndikutsimikizira kugula kwa zinthu. Ku Côte d'Ivoire, koko, koko imalimidwa ndikugulitsidwa kutengera mtundu wa capitalism wamtchire: ntchito za ana, sabata la ntchito la 100, kutsika mitengo pazaka zokolola, ndi zina. M'zaka zomwe mitengo ku Côte d'Ivoire ndi yokwera, boma Ghana ikuyenera kuthana ndi kuzembetsedwa kwa cocoa mdziko loyandikana nalo. Ndipo m'maiko onsewa muli anthu mamiliyoni ambiri omwe sanalaweko chokoleti m'miyoyo yawo.
Ghana ndi Cote D'Ivoire. Kupitilira kumpoto pang'ono, mutha kuzembetsa mchenga. Niger ku Mali kapena Algeria kupita ku Libya
4. Ghana ndi Cote D'Ivoire atha kutengedwa ngati atsogoleri potengera kukula kwa kupanga chokoleti chofiira. M'mayikowa, pazaka 30 zapitazi, kupanga nyemba za cocoa kwawonjezeka katatu ndi kanayi motsatana. Komabe, Indonesia ilibe yofanana pachizindikiro ichi. Mu 1985, ndi matani 35,000 okha a nyemba za cocoa omwe amalimidwa m'dziko lalikululi. M'zaka makumi atatu zokha, kupanga kwakula mpaka matani 800,000. Indonesia itha kusunthira Ghana malo achiwiri pamndandanda wamayiko omwe akutulutsa zaka zikubwerazi.
5. Monga mwachizolowezi pachuma chamakono padziko lonse lapansi, gawo lalikulu la phindu sililandiridwa ndiopanga zopangira, koma ndi wopanga chomaliza. Chifukwa chake, palibe atsogoleri omwe akutumiza chokoleti, ngakhale pafupi kwambiri. Apa, mayiko aku Europe okha, komanso United States ndi Canada, ndi ena mwa omwe akutumiza chokoleti pamwamba khumi. Germany yakhala ikutsogola kwazaka zambiri, ikutumiza kunja zokoma zokwana $ 4.8 biliyoni mu 2016. Kenako Belgium, Holland ndi Italy amabwera ndi malire abwino. United States ili m'malo achisanu, Canada ili m'malo achisanu ndi chiwiri, ndipo Switzerland yatseka khumi. Russia idatumiza chokoleti cha $ 547 miliyoni mu 2017.
6. Wolemba mbiri wotchuka wophika William Pokhlebkin ankakhulupirira kuti kugwiritsa ntchito chokoleti popewera zopangira zokongoletsera kumangowononga kukoma kwawo koyambirira. Kukoma kwa chokoleti ndipamwamba kuposa ena onse kuphatikiza kulikonse. Izi ndizowona makamaka pazakudya za zipatso ndi mabulosi. Koma mitundu ingapo ya chokoleti, yosiyana pakukula kwa kapangidwe ndi kapangidwe kake, Pokhlebkin amawoneka kuti ndi woyenera kuwayang'anira.
7. Chifukwa cha kukoma kwake, chokoleti nthawi zambiri chimakopa chidwi cha poyizoni - kukoma kwa chokoleti kumangodutsa ngakhale kuwawa koopsa kwa strychnine. Kumapeto kwa 1869, wokhala ku London, a Christiane Edmunds, pofunafuna chisangalalo cha banja, adamupatsa poyizoni mkazi wa osankhidwa (mkaziyo, mwamwayi, adapulumuka), kenako, kuti asokoneze zokayikira zake, adayamba kupha anthu pogwiritsa ntchito njuga. Atagula maswiti, adawonjezerapo poyizoni, ndikuwabwezera ku sitolo - sanazikonde. Edmunds anaimbidwa mlandu ndipo anaweruzidwa kuti aphedwe, koma kenako analengezedwa kuti ndi wamisala ndipo anakhala kuchipatala moyo wake wonse. Kumayambiriro kwa chibwenzi chake, Christine Edmunds anali ndi zaka 40.
8. Chokoleti sichiwononga mano kapena mawonekedwe. M'malo mwake, ndi mnzake wothandizana naye pomenyera mano athanzi komanso wowonda. Batala wa cocoa amaphimba mano, ndikupanga zotetezera zowonjezera enamel. Ndipo shuga ndi mkaka zimayamwa limodzi ndi theobromine, ndipo zimadyedwa mwachangu popanda kupanga mafuta. Kukula kwa batala wa koko kumathandizanso mukafunika kuthana ndi njala. Chokoleti zingapo zithandizira kumverera uku, ndipo batala limapanga kanema woteteza pamakoma amkati am'mimba, kuwateteza kuti asawonongeke. Koma, ndithudi, simuyenera kutengeka ndi chinyengo chotere cha thupi.
9. Ponena za kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa chokoleti ndi Switzerland patsogolo padziko lapansi. Okhala m'dziko la mabanki ndi maulonda amadya pafupifupi makilogalamu 8.8 a chokoleti pachaka. Malo 12 otsatira pamndandandawu akukhalanso m'maiko aku Europe, Estonia ili m'malo achisanu ndi chiwiri. Kunja kwa Europe, zabwino kwambiri ku New Zealand. Ku Russia, kumwa chokoleti ndi 4.8 kilogalamu pamunthu pachaka. Chokoleti chocheperako chimadyedwa ku China - pamakhala bala imodzi yokha ya 100-gramu ku China pachaka.
10. Henri Nestlé akanakhala kuti ndi amene anayambitsa chakudya choyenera cha ana. Ndi iye yemwe adayambitsa kugulitsa mkaka wa khanda. Komabe, pambuyo pake, Nestlé atagulitsa mtengo wake pakampani yomwe imadziwika ndi dzina lake, adabwera ndi chokoleti, momwe gawo la ufa wa cocoa lidangokhala 10%. Kusunthika kolimba mtima kumeneku kunadzudzulidwa chifukwa cha nkhawa zaumoyo waogula, ndipo dzina la Nestlé, yemwe sankagwirizana ndi zachinyengo zokongola, adapezeka kuti amalumikizana nawo kwambiri. Zaka zoposa 100 pambuyo pake, Nestlé adapempha akuluakulu aku US kuti avomereze kupanga chokoleti, chomwe sichikhala ndi koko. M'malo mwake, adzagwiritsa ntchito mafuta amasamba. Pempho lidakanidwa, koma mawonekedwe ake akuwonetsa kuti kusintha kwina pakupanga chokoleti sikutali.
Henri Nestlé
11. "Chokoleti yamatangi" ndi chokoleti chophatikizidwa ndi pervitin (yomwe imadziwikanso kuti "methamphetamine"). Mankhwalawa anali odziwika kwambiri pakati pa asitikali a Ulamuliro Wachitatu. Pervitin amachepetsa kupweteka, kutopa, kumawonjezera ndikuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito, kumalimbikitsa komanso kumawonjezera kudzidalira. Asitikali akutsogolo adapatsidwa ma pervitin m'mapiritsi. Komabe, iwo omwe anali ndi mwayi wogula chokoleti cha pervitin iwowo kapena adapempha abale awo kuti atumize matsenga ochokera ku Germany, komwe chokoleti choterechi chimagulitsidwa kwaulere. Poyang'ana mbiri ya nkhaniyi, nkhani yotsatirayi imasewera mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Ku United States, makamaka kuchitira Iraq yotentha (ngakhale Operation Desert Storm isanachitike mu 1991), madokotala ankhondo, limodzi ndi akatswiri aukadaulo a Hershey, adapanga chokoleti chapadera chomwe chimasiyana ndi chokoleti wamba pamalo osungunuka kwambiri. Sanaganize zodzakhala ndi phukusi lapadera ngati chubu, koma nthawi yomweyo adapanga mitundu yatsopano.
"Chokoleti chama tank"
12. Buku lonse ladzipereka kufunsa ngati kumwa chokoleti ndikotsutsana ndi chikhalidwe chachikhristu. Idalembedwa ndikufalitsidwa pakati pa zaka za zana la 17 ndi Antonio de Lyon Pinello. Bukuli ndilophatikizika kofunikira pazambiri komanso zambiri zamomwe Tchalitchi cha Katolika chimamvera ndi chokoleti. Mwachitsanzo, ku Mexico, zokambirana za chokoleti komanso ngati kumwa chakumwa kumatha kusala kudya zidatentha kwambiri kotero kuti abambo ampingo adatumiza nthumwi yapadera kwa Papa Pius V. Mphamvu ya Tchalitchi cha Katolika, ndikumwa chakumwa chomwe samadziwa kale, kulavulira ndikunena kuti kumwa matumba oterowo sangawoneke ngati osangalatsa. Chifukwa chake, okonda chokoleti samaswa kusala kudya. Koma kenako, kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 16, adaphunzira kupanga khofi wokoma, ndipo pomwepo adazindikira kuti ndi tchimo. Pakhala pali ngakhale zizunzo za ogulitsa chokoleti ndi Khoti Lalikulu Loyeserera.
13. Nyemba za kokozo sizimalawa ngati chokoleti. Pambuyo pochotsa pamtengowo, filimu yoteteza ya gelatin imachotsedwa mu nyemba ndikusiyidwa mlengalenga. Njira yolowezera (yolowezera) imaloledwa kukula kwa masiku angapo. Kenako nyemba zimatsukidwanso bwino ndikukazinga kutentha pang'ono - mpaka 140 ° C. Pokhapokha ndi pamene nyemba zimapeza kukoma ndi fungo la chokoleti. Chifukwa chake fungo laumulungu ndikununkhira kwa nyemba zowola ndi zokazinga za koko.
Chokoleti cha gramu zana chimafuna nyemba 900-1000.
14. Truffles ndi absinthe, udzu ndi maluwa a rose, wasabi ndi mafuta onunkhira, anyezi ndi tirigu, nyama yankhumba ndi mchere wamchere, tsabola wouma - chilichonse chomwe chimawonjezeredwa ku chokoleti ndi omanga ochokera ku cocoa phala, omwe amadzitcha okha chokoleti! Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, pofotokoza za malonda awo, samangogogomezera zachinyengo ndi zachilendo za kukoma kwake. Amawona zokondweretsa zawo pafupifupi ngati kulimbana ndi dongosololi - osati aliyense, akutero, adzapeza mphamvu zotsutsana ndi zomwe zilipo pano ndikupangitsa kuti dziko likhale lowala. Ndizabwino kwa kampani ya Swarovski - popeza amayandama kuyambira pomwe adakhazikika, amapitilizabe kuyandama. "Bokosi la Boutiqe" ndi chokoleti chosavuta (kuchokera ku cocoa wabwino kwambiri, chowonadi) chowazidwa ndimatumba agolide a coconut. Chilichonse chimayikidwa m'bokosi lokongoletsedwa ndi makhiristo odziwika. Kukongola ngati dziko lapansi kumawononga $ 300.
Chokoleti kuchokera ku Swarovski
15. Lingaliro lalingaliro la opanga chokoleti limafikira osati kokha pakupanga kwa chinthucho. Nthawi zina lingaliro la opanga opanga zotchinga zazing'ono kapena mipiringidzo yamaonekedwe osazolowereka amayenera kuyisilira. Ndipo ngati masofa a chokoleti, nsapato kapena mannequins akuwoneka kuti akuchulukirachulukira, ndiye kuti ma domino, omanga a LEGO kapena mapensulo angapo a chokoleti amawoneka oyambirira komanso okongola. Nthawi yomweyo, zinthuzo zimagwira ntchito: mothandizidwa ndi ma domino mutha "kunyamula mbuzi", kupanga galimoto yaying'ono kuchokera ku LEGO, ndikujambula mapensulo a chokoleti osayipa kuposa amtengo. Amabweranso ndi zokulitsa chokoleti.