Mzinda wa Samara unakhazikitsidwa mu 1586 ngati mpanda wolimba kwambiri wa Volga pamtsinje wa Samara. Mofulumira kwambiri, linga lankhondo silinathenso kukhala lofunika pantchito yankhondo, pomwe mzere wamgwirizano pakati pa anthu aku Russia ndi osamukawu udabwerera kum'mawa ndi kumwera.
Chitsanzo cha Linga la Samara
Komabe, Samara sanagwe, ngati nyumba zofananira zambiri m'malire akale a Russia. Mzindawu udasandulika malo ogulitsa mwamtendere, ndipo udindowu udakwezedwa pang'onopang'ono kuchokera ku ukadaulo kupita kulikulu la chigawo cha Samara. Ku Samara, njira yodutsa kuchokera kumadzulo kupita kummawa komanso njira yolowera kumpoto mpaka kumwera idadutsa. Pambuyo pomanga njanji ya Orenburg, chitukuko cha Samara chidayamba kuphulika.
Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, mzindawu, womwe unali pamtunda wamakilomita pafupifupi 1,000 kuchokera ku Moscow, unasandulika kukhala mzinda wamalonda kukhala malo opangira mafakitale. Makampani ambiri ogulitsa mafakitale akugwira ntchito ku Samara lero. Mzindawu umadziwikanso kuti ndi malo ophunzitsira komanso chikhalidwe.
Kuyambira 1935 mpaka 1991, Samara adatchedwa Kuibyshev polemekeza munthu wotchuka mu Chipani cha Bolshevik.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ku Samara ndi anthu 1.16 miliyoni, chomwe ndi chizindikiro chachisanu ndi chinayi ku Russia. Chidziwitso chodziwika bwino chokhudza mzindawu: okwerera masitima apamtunda ndipamwamba kwambiri, ndipo Kuibyshev Square ndi yayikulu kwambiri ku Europe. Komabe, osati kukula kokha kosangalatsa m'mbiri komanso zamakono za Samara.
1. Chimodzi mwazizindikiro za Samara ndi mowa wa Zhiguli. Mu 1881, wazamalonda waku Austria Alfred von Wakano adatsegula malo ogulitsa moŵa ku Samara. Von Wakano amadziwa zambiri osati za mowa wokha, komanso za zida zake zopangira - adagwira ntchito m'malo opangira mowa ku Austria ndi Czech Republic, ndipo ku Russia adagulitsa bwino zida za mowa. Mowa wochokera ku chomera cha Samara adayamikiridwa pomwepo, ndipo kupanga kunayamba kukula modumphadumpha. M'zaka zimenezo, "Zhigulevskoye" amatanthauza "zopangidwa ku fakitale ku Samara". Mowa wa dzina lomweli adalengedwa kale m'ma 1930 motsogozedwa ndi Anastas Mikoyan, mtsogoleri wachipani yemwe adachita zambiri pakukula kwamakampani azakudya ku USSR. Mwakutero, Mikoyan adapempha kuti asinthe pang'ono pa mowa umodzi womwe umapangidwa ku malo ogulitsira mowa a Zhiguli. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yokhala ndi wort ya 11% komanso gawo limodzi la mowa wa 2.8% idakhala mowa wabwino kwambiri waku Soviet. Inapangidwa m'maofulaya mazana ambiri mdziko lonselo. Koma Zhigulevskoye weniweni, ndithudi, amapangidwa kokha ku fakitale ku Samara. Mutha kugula m'sitolo pafupi ndi khomo lolowera ku fakitaleyo, kapena mutha kulawa mukamayendera fakitore, yomwe imawononga ma ruble 800.
Alfred von Wakano - mwina m'modzi mwa anthu odziwika kwambiri ku Samara
2. Nyumba zina zakale, zikuyimabe pakatikati pa Samara, kulibe madzi apakati. Anthu amatunga madzi m'mapaipi. Pali kukayikira kuti m'malo ena amzindawu mibadwo ingapo ya anthu okhala ku Samara sakudziwa kuti ndi chiyani. Koma madzi apakati, nyumba ndi mahotela ku Samara, adapezeka ku Samara mu 1887. Malinga ndi projekiti yoyambirira ya mainjiniya aku Moscow Nikolai Zimin, malo opopera madzi adamangidwa ndipo makilomita oyamba a payipi yamadzi adayikidwa. Dongosolo lamadzi la Samara lidachitanso ntchito yozimitsa moto - moto unali mliri wa Samara wamatabwa. Otsatsawo adawerengera kuti chifukwa "chopulumutsa" cha kugulitsa malo - kupulumutsa pamoto - njira yopezera madzi yolipira mkati mwa chaka chimodzi chogwira ntchito. Kuphatikiza apo, madzi adadyetsa akasupe amizinda 10 ndikugwiritsiridwa ntchito kuthirira minda yamzindawu. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti madzi anali omasuka kwathunthu: malinga ndi malamulo am'mbuyomu, oyang'anira maboma anali ndi ufulu wongowonjezera msonkho wanyumba pang'ono pazolinga izi. Zimbudzi zinali zoyipa. Ngakhale kukakamizidwa kwa mwini wake wa Zhiguli, Alfred von Wakano, yemwe anali wokonzeka kutuluka ndikukhala ndiulamuliro ku Samara, adachita moperewera. Mu 1912 zokha, ntchito yopanga zimbudzi idayamba. Idagwiritsidwa ntchito pang'ono ndipo pofika 1918 adatha kuyala makilomita 35 a okhometsa ndi mapaipi.
Kukula mwachangu kwa Samara m'zaka za zana la 19 kudakopa anthu kumzindawu, mosatengera mtundu wawo. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, gulu lalikulu la Akatolika linakhazikitsidwa mumzindawu. Chilolezo chomanga chidapezeka mwachangu, ndipo omangawo adayamba kupanga tchalitchi cha Katolika. Koma mu 1863 chipolowe china chinayambika ku Poland. Kuchuluka kwa ma Samara Poles adatumizidwa kumayiko ovuta kwambiri, ndipo ntchito yomanga tchalitchi idaletsedwa. Ntchito yomanga idayambiranso koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1900. Mpingo unapatulidwa mu 1906. Idapulumuka pazovuta zandale komanso zandale zakusintha ndi Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni, koma ntchitoyi idangokhala mpaka m'ma 1920. Kenako mpingo unatsekedwa. Mu 1941, Samara Museum of Local Lore idasamukira. Ntchito zachikatolika zidayambiranso mu 1996. Chifukwa chake, mzaka zopitilira 100 kuyambira pomwe idayamba, kumanga kwa Kachisi wa Mtima Woyera wa Yesu kudagwiritsidwa ntchito pazaka 40 zokha.
4. Mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la 19, anthu apamwamba ku Samara pang'onopang'ono adayamba chidwi ndi maphunziro ndikuwunikiridwa. Ngati mu 1852 amalonda, omwe anali ambiri mwa City Duma, adayankha mwanjira ina - kukana kuwukira mwayi woti atsegule nyumba yosindikizira mumzinda, pambuyo pa zaka 30 lingaliro loti apange nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale m'deralo lidavomerezedwa. Pa Novembala 13, 1886, Samara Museum of History and Local Lore idabadwa. Ziwonetserozi adazisonkhanitsa kuchokera kudziko lonse lapansi ndi chingwe. Grand Duke Nikolai Konstantinovich adapereka zovala 14 ndi zipolopolo kwa anthu aku Turkmen. Wojambula wotchuka Alexander Vasiliev adapereka chithunzi cha kadamsana, ndi zina zambiri. Mu 1896, nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale idasamukira munyumba ina ndikutsegulira kuti anthu aziyendera. Wojambula wosatopa ndi wokhometsa Konstantin Golovkin adagwira nawo gawo lalikulu pakukula kwake. Sanazengereze mwamphamvu ndi makalata ochokera kwa ojambula, osonkhanitsa ndi ogula zaluso. Panali mazana owonjezera pamndandanda wake. Makalatawo sanatayike pachabe - poyankha, nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale inalandira ntchito zambiri zomwe zimapanga gulu lalikulu. Tsopano nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale imakhala m'nyumba yayikulu ya nthambi yakale ya VI Lenin Museum. Zimaphatikizaponso malo owonetsera zakale a Lenin ndi MV Frunze, komanso Art Nouveau Museum yomwe ili mnyumba ya Kurlina. Samara Museum of History and Local Lore ili ndi dzina la director wawo woyamba, Peter Alabin.
5. Monga mukudziwa, panthawi ya Great Patriotic War, Kuibyshev ndiye anali likulu la USSR. Apa ndipomwe nthawi yophukira yovuta ya 1941 ma unduna ndi ma department angapo, komanso mishoni, zidasamutsidwa. Pa nthawi ya nkhondo, nyumba ziwiri zazikulu zidamangidwa. Tsopano amatchedwa "Stalin's Bunker" ndi "Kalinin's Bunker". Malo ogona oyamba ndi otseguka kuti ayendere; akunja saloledwa kulowa mu "Kalinin Bunker" - mamapu achinsinsi ndi zikalata zimasungidwabe pamenepo. Kuyambira pakuwona chitonthozo cha tsiku ndi tsiku, malo ogonawa siopadera - amakongoletsedwa ndikukhala ndi mzimu wazodzikongoletsa wa Stalinist. Nyumba zogona ndizolumikizana, zomwe zimabweretsa mphekesera zosalekeza za mzinda waukulu womwe udakumbidwa pafupi ndi Samara. Mphekesera ina yakanidwa kale: malowa sanamangidwe ndi akaidi, koma ndi omanga aulere ochokera ku Moscow, Kharkov ndi Donbass. Kumapeto kwa ntchito yomanga mu 1943, iwo sanawomberedwe, koma anatumizidwa ku ntchito ina.
Mu "Stalin's Bunker"
6. Samara sanadyetse kumbuyo popanga zakumwa zoledzeretsa. Maboma olamulidwa ndi mafumu osiyanasiyana amasintha mosiyanasiyana pakati pa boma lokhazikika pakugulitsa "vinyo woyengedwa", ndiye kuti vodka, ndi dipo. Pachiyambi, boma, mothandizidwa ndi anthu olemekezeka, adasankha uyu kapena munthu ameneyo kuti akhale mutu wogulitsa vodka mdera lina. Kachiwiri, ufulu wogulitsa zoyera pang'ono udakwaniritsidwa pamsika - ngati mutalipira ndalama zina, mutha kugulitsa chigawo chonse. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, tidayamba kufanana: boma limagulitsa mowa mopitilira muyeso, amalonda wamba amagulitsa pamalonda. Njirayi idayesedwa koyamba m'zigawo zinayi, kuphatikiza Samara. Ku Samara, mu 1895, distillery idamangidwa ndi ndalama zomwe zimaperekedwa kuchokera kuzachuma. Inali pakona pa misewu ya Leo Tolstoy ndi Nikitinskaya, pafupi ndi siteshoni ya njanji. M'chaka choyamba atakwanitsa kupanga mapangidwe, chomeracho, momwe ma ruble 750,000 adayikidwira, adalipira ndalama zokhazokha miliyoni miliyoni. Pambuyo pake, zombo zaku Samara zimabweretsa ma ruble mamiliyoni 11 kupita ku chuma chaka chilichonse.
Zomangamanga
7. Kubwezeretsanso mwambo wokondwerera Chaka Chatsopano ndi mtengo wa Khrisimasi kulumikizana molunjika ndi Kuibyshev. M'zaka zoyambirira zaulamuliro waku Soviet, mitengoyo idasamaliridwa, koma pang'onopang'ono chizindikiro chobiriwira cha Khrisimasi ndi Chaka Chatsopano chidachotsedwa m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Mu 1935 kokha mlembi wa Central Committee of the CPSU (b) Pavel Postyshev pa Hava Chaka Chatsopano adasindikiza nkhani yomwe adayitanitsa kuti abwerere ku miyambo ya Khrisimasi, chifukwa ngakhale V. Lenin adabwera kunyumba yosungira ana amasiye pamtengo wa Khrisimasi. Pambuyo povomerezedwa mdziko lonselo, mtengowo unakhalanso chizindikiro cha tchuthi cha Chaka Chatsopano. Ndipo Postyshev, atachita izi mwanzeru, adasankhidwa kukhala mlembi woyamba wa komiti ya Kuibyshev ya CPSU (b). Koma mtsogoleri watsopano wamderali adafika Kuibyshev osati ndi mtengo wa Khrisimasi ndi mphatso, koma ndi chidwi chofuna kulimbana ndi adani a anthu - anali 1937. Trotskyist, fascist komanso mabodza ena ku Kuibyshev, malinga ndi a Postyshev, sanatsutsane nawo. Postyshev adapeza swastikas, zifanizo za Trotsky, Kamenev, Zinoviev ndi adani ena pamabuku a sukulu, mabokosi amachesi, ngakhale pamchenga wa soseji. Kusaka kochititsa chidwi kwa Postyshev kupitilira kwa chaka chimodzi ndikuwononga mazana a miyoyo. Mu 1938 adamangidwa ndikuwomberedwa. Asanaphedwe, adalemba kalata yolapa, momwe adavomereza kuti amachita mwadala zinthu zankhanza. Mu 1956 Postyshev adakonzedwanso.
Mwinamwake Postyshev anali wofanana kwambiri ndi Stalin?
8. Bwalo lamasewera ku Samara lidawonekera mu 1851, ndipo "Inspector General" wochititsa manyazi anali woyamba kupanga. Gululo analibe malo ake, ankasewera m'nyumba ya wamalonda Lebedev. Nyumbayi itawotchedwa, nyumba yamatabwa yamatabwa inamangidwa chifukwa cha abwenzi. Chakumapeto kwa zaka zana lino, nyumbayi idasokonekera ndipo pamafunika ndalama zambiri kuti ikonzedwe. Pamapeto pake, a City Duma adaganiza zopasula nyumbayo ndikupanga likulu latsopano. Pulojekitiyi adatembenukira kwa katswiri - womanga nyumba wa ku Moscow Mikhail Chichagov, yemwe anali kale ndi mapulani a zisudzo zinayi pa akaunti yake. Wojambulayo adapereka ntchitoyi, koma a Duma adaganiza kuti malingalirowo anali osavala mokwanira, ndipo zokongoletsera zina mu Russia zikufunika. Chichagov adakonzanso ntchitoyi ndikuyamba ntchito yomanga. Nyumbayi, yomwe idawononga ma ruble 170,000 (kuyerekeza koyambirira kunali ma ruble 85,000), idatsegulidwa pa 2 Okutobala 1888. Anthu aku Samara adakonda nyumbayi yokongola, yomwe imawoneka ngati keke kapena chidole, ndipo mzindawu udapeza chikhomo chatsopano.
9. Samara ndiye likulu lalikulu kwambiri lazamalonda. Ndili pano, pamalo opita patsogolo, kuti ma roketi ambiri amapangidwa kuti ayambitse ma satelayiti ndi ndege zamlengalenga mumlengalenga. Mpaka 2001, zinali zotheka kuti mudziwe mphamvu zamiyala yamlengalenga kutali. Ndipo Museum ya Space Samara idatsegulidwa, chiwonetsero chachikulu chomwe chinali rocket ya Soyuz. Imaikidwa mozungulira, ngati poyambira, yomwe nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale imagwirako. Kapangidwe ka Cyclopean, pafupifupi 70 mita kutalika, kumawoneka kodabwitsa. Nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale palokha sitha kudzitamandira ndi chuma chambiri. Pansi pake, pali zinthu za tsiku ndi tsiku kwa akatswiri azakuthambo, kuphatikiza chakudya chodziwika bwino kuchokera pamachubu, ndi magawo ndi zidutswa zaukadaulo wapamlengalenga. Koma ogwira ntchito yosungirako zinthu zakale mwachidwi adayandikira chilengedwe cha zokumbutsa. Mutha kugula kope la nyuzipepala ndi uthenga wonena za kuthawa kwa mlengalenga, zinthu zazing'ono zingapo zokhala ndi zizindikiritso zamlengalenga, etc.
10. Pali metro ku Samara. Kuti mufotokoze, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "tsalani" pafupipafupi. Pakadali pano, metro ya Samara ili ndi mzere umodzi wokha ndi ma station 10. Simungatenge sitima yapamtunda pamalo okwerera njanji pano. Pakadali pano, chiwongola dzanja cha okwera ndi 16 miliyoni zokha pachaka (chizindikiro choyipa kwambiri ku Russia). Chizindikiro cha nthawi imodzi chimagula ma ruble 28, okwera mtengo kuposa ma metro okha pamitu yayikulu. Chowonadi ndichakuti metro ya Samara inali ndi nkhokwe zochepa kwambiri zaku Soviet. Chifukwa chake, kukula kwa metro tsopano kumafunikira ndalama zambiri kuposa m'mizinda ina. Chifukwa chake, pakadali pano (!) Sitima yapamtunda ya Samara imagwira ntchito yokongoletsa.
Sitimayi ya Saratov siidzaza
11. Pa Meyi 15, 1971, zidachitika ku Kuibyshev panthawiyo komwe kukadatchedwa kuti chidwi ngati sikadakhala kuti ndi mkazi yemwe adamwalira. Woyendetsa sitimayo yonyamula katundu wouma "Volgo-Don-12" Boris Mironov sanawerengere kutalika kwa nyumba yosungira katundu ya sitimayo komanso kuthamanga kwamakono. Nyumba yamagudumu ya "Volgo-Don-12" idalumikiza gawo la mlatho wamagalimoto kudutsa Samara. Nthawi zambiri sitimayo imawonongeka kwambiri, koma zonse sizinayende bwino. Kapangidwe kofooka ka nyumba yamagudumu kaphwasula kwenikweni kontrakitala yolimba ya mlatho wa mita khumi, ndipo nthawi yomweyo adagwera ngalawayo. Ndegeyo idaphwanya wheelhouse, ndikuphwanya Mironov, yemwe analibe nthawi yolumpha. Kuphatikiza apo, nyumba zazinyumba zomwe zinali mbali ya starboard zidaphwanyidwa. Mmodzi mwa zipindazi munali mkazi wa wamagetsi wama sitima omwe adamwalira pomwepo. Kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kuti omanga mlatho (udatsegulidwa mu 1954) sanakonze nthawi yomwe idagwa! Kuphatikiza apo, palibe amene anali ndi mlandu pazomwe zidachitikazo, ndipo kuthawa kwake kudayikidwanso patatha chaka chimodzi, osachipezanso. Chifukwa chake Kuibyshev adadziwika kuti ndi mzinda wokhawo pomwe sitima idawononga mlatho.
12. Atathawa ku England, mamembala a "Cambridge Five" otchuka (gulu la achifumu achi English omwe adagwirizana ndi Soviet Union, odziwika kwambiri ndi Kim Philby) Guy Burgess ndi a Donald McLean amakhala ku Kuibyshev. McLean amaphunzitsa Chingerezi ku koleji ya aphunzitsi, Burgess sanagwire ntchito. Ankakhala m'nyumba 179 mumsewu wa Frunze. Ma scout onse adziwa bwino moyo waku Soviet. Mkazi wa Maclean ndi ana ake posakhalitsa anafika. Melinda McLean anali mwana wamkazi wa milionea waku America, koma mwamtendere anapita kumsika, adatsuka, kutsuka nyumbayo. Burgess anali ovuta kwambiri, koma mwamaganizidwe - ku London anali atazolowera moyo wamaphokoso, maphwando, ndi zina zambiri. Anayenera kupirira zaka ziwiri - ma scout adafika Kuibyshev mu 1953, ndipo adawalengeza mu 1955. Adapita Kuibyshev ndi Kim Philby. Mu 1981, adayenda pa Volga ndipo adakumana ndi anzawo ku KGB wamba.
Donald ndi Melinda McLean ku USSR
Guy Burgess
13. Mu 1918, nzika za Samara zidakhala ndi tsiku lomwe, malinga ndi mwambi wamakono, galimoto yonyamula mkate wa ginger idatembenukira mumsewu wawo. Pa Ogasiti 6, magulu ofiira, atamva zakuguba mwachangu kwa asitikali a Colonel Kappel, adathawa ku Kazan, ndikusiya nkhokwe zagolide zaku Russia. White adanyamula golide ndi zinthu zamtengo wapatali pazombo zitatu kupita ku Samara. Apa boma lakomweko, lotchedwa Komiti Yanyumba Yamalamulo, lidamva za kubwera kwa katundu wofunika kuchokera kwa oyendetsa sitimayo. Matani agolide ndi siliva, mabiliyoni a ma ruble m'mapepala a ndalama amagona pamabowo tsiku limodzi, otetezedwa ndi asirikali ochepa. Zikuwonekeratu kuti mphekesera zaufulu woterewu zimafalikira kuzungulira mzindawo ngati moto wolusa, ndipo kutha kwa dziko lapansi kudayamba. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa kuwawa kudali kotsika panthawiyo, ndipo palibe amene adayamba kuwombera gululo (patatha chaka chimodzi, iwo omwe anali ofunafuna golide akanadulidwa ndi mfuti zamakina). Kuchuluka kwa golide komwe anthu a Samara adabedwa sikunadziwikebe, mpaka kudzagwera m'manja mwa White Czechs, adawawona: kuphatikiza kapena kuchotsera matani khumi. Ndipo posachedwa masitovu adatenthedwa ndi ndalama zamabanki ...
Colonel Kappel anali laconic
14. Mfundo yoti akaidi aku Germany ankhondo adatenga nawo gawo pakubwezeretsa pambuyo pa nkhondo kwa Soviet Union ndichodziwika kwa aliyense.Koma ku USSR, kuphatikiza ku Kuibyshev, Ajeremani omasuka kwathunthu (mwalamulo) adagwira ntchito, kuthandiza kulimbikitsa mphamvu zodzitchinjiriza mdzikolo. Makina a Junkers ndi BMW, okonzeka kutulutsa injini zamagetsi zamagetsi, adagwa m'manja mwa Soviet. Kupanga kunayambiranso mwachangu, koma mu 1946 ogwirizanawo adayamba kuchita ziwonetsero - malinga ndi Pangano la Potsdam, zinali zosatheka kupanga zida zankhondo ndi zida zankhondo m'malo ogwira ntchito. Soviet Union idakwaniritsa izi - ogwira ntchito m'mafakitole ndi maofesi apangidwe adatengedwa, limodzi ndi zida zina, ku Kuibyshev, ndikuyikidwa m'mudzi wa Upravlenchesky. Onse pamodzi, panali akatswiri pafupifupi 700 ndi mabanja awo 1200. Ajeremani omwe adalangizidwa adatenga nawo gawo pakupanga ma injini m'maofesi atatu mpaka 1954. Komabe, sanakhumudwe kwambiri. Moyo unkachepetsa kulakalaka kwathu. Ajeremani adalandira mpaka ma ruble 3,000 (mainjiniya aku Soviet anali ndi 1,200 yochulukirapo), anali ndi mwayi wopanga zogulitsa ndikupanga ma oda azinthu, amakhala m'nyumba zonse (zotheka panthawiyo).
Ajeremani ku Kuibyshev. Chithunzi cha m'modzi mwa akatswiri
15. Pa february 10, 1999, Samara adasindikizidwa munkhani zonse komanso patsamba loyambilira la manyuzipepala onse. Cha mma 6 koloko masana, woyang'anira ntchito muofesi ya zamkati mu mzindawo adauza a dipatimenti yozimitsa moto kuti moto wayambika munyumba ya polisi. Ngakhale kuyesetsa kwa ozimitsa moto, zinali zotheka kuti moto ukhale patangopita maola 5, ndipo motowo unazimitsidwa theka lokha pasanafike m'mawa. Chifukwa cha moto, komanso poyizoni ndi zinthu zoyaka komanso kuvulala komwe kumalandidwa poyesera kuthawa munyumba yoyaka (anthu adalumphira m'mawindo apansi), apolisi 57 adaphedwa. Kafukufukuyu, yemwe adatenga chaka chimodzi ndi theka, adazindikira kuti motowo udayamba ndi ndudu yosazima ya ndudu yomwe idaponyedwa mumtsuko wapulasitiki muofesi nambala 75, yomwe ili pabwalo lachiwiri la nyumba ya GUVD. Kenako moto akuti umafalikira pansi. Kudenga uku kunali matabwa awiri, danga pakati pake linali lodzaza zinyalala zosiyanasiyana pomanga. Monga mukudziwa, moto, mosiyana ndi kutentha, umafalikira pang'ono, chifukwa chake kafukufukuyu adawoneka wosanjenjemera. Ofesi Ya General Prosecutor idamvetsetsa izi. Lingaliro lotseka mlandu lidathetsedwa, ndipo kafukufuku mpaka pano.
