Maria Ine (nee Mary Stuart; 1542-1587) - Mfumukazi ya ku Scots kuyambira ukhanda, idalamulira kuyambira 1561 mpaka pomwe idasankhidwa mu 1567, komanso Mfumukazi yaku France munthawi ya 1559-1560.
Tsoka lake lomvetsa chisoni, lodzazidwa ndi zochitika "zolembalemba" zazikulu zidadzutsa chidwi cha olemba ambiri.
Pali zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Mary I, yomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, nayi mbiri yayifupi ya Mary Stuart.
Mbiri ya Mary Stewart
Mary adabadwa pa Disembala 8, 1542 kunyumba yachifumu yaku Scottish ya Linlithgow ku Lothian. Anali mwana wamkazi wa King James 5 waku Scotland komanso mwana wamkazi wachifumu waku France a Marie de Guise.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Vuto loyamba mu mbiri ya Maria lidachitika masiku 6 atabadwa. Abambo ake sanathe kupulumuka kugonjetsedwa kochititsa manyazi pankhondo yolimbana ndi England, komanso imfa ya ana awiri, omwe anali olowa m'malo pampando wachifumu.
Zotsatira zake, mwana yekhayo wovomerezeka wa Jacob anali Maria Stuart. Popeza akadali khanda, wachibale wapafupi kwambiri a James Hamilton adakhala woyang'anira mtsikanayo. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti James anali ndi malingaliro a Chingerezi, chifukwa chake olemekezeka ambiri omwe adathamangitsidwa ndi abambo a Mary adabwerera ku Scotland.
Chaka chotsatira, Hamilton adayamba kufunafuna Stuart wokwatiwa. Izi zidatsogolera kumapeto kwa Pangano la Greenwich mchilimwe cha 1543, malinga ndi zomwe Mary adayenera kukhala mkazi wa Prince Edward waku England.
Ukwati uwu udalola kuyanjananso kwa Scotland ndi England motsogozedwa ndi mzera umodzi wachifumu. Kumapeto kwa chaka chomwecho, Mary adalengezedwa kuti ndi Mfumukazi yaku Scots.
Komabe, nkhondo yankhondo posakhalitsa idayamba mdzikolo. Otsatira a Chingerezi adachotsedwa muulamuliro, ndipo Cardinal Beaton ndi omwe anali nawo, adayang'ana kulumikizana ndi France, adakhala atsogoleri andale.
Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, Chiprotestanti chinali kutchuka kwambiri, omvera awo amawona a Britain ngati anzawo. M'ngululu ya 1546, gulu la Apulotesitanti linapha Beaton ndikulanda nyumba yachifumu ya St. Andrews. Pambuyo pake, France idalowererapo pamikangano, yomwe idathamangitsa gulu lankhondo la England kuchokera ku Scotland.
Ali ndi zaka 5, Mary Stuart anatumizidwa ku France, kukhothi la Henry II - mfumuyo ndi apongozi ake amtsogolo. Apa iye analandira maphunziro kwambiri. Anaphunzira French, Spanish, Italian, Greek and Latin.
Komanso, Maria anaphunzira mabuku akale ndi amakono. Iye ankakonda kuimba, nyimbo, kusaka ndi ndakatulo. Msungwanayo adadzetsa chisoni pakati pa olemekezeka achi France, andakatulo osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza a Lope de Vega, adamupatsa ndakatulo.
Limbani mpando wachifumu
Ali ndi zaka 16, Stewart adakhala mkazi wa wolowa m'malo waku France Francis, yemwe anali kudwala pafupipafupi. Patatha zaka 2 ali m'banja, mnyamatayo anamwalira, chifukwa cha mphamvu zomwe zidaperekedwa kwa Maria de Medici.
Izi zidapangitsa kuti Mary Stuart akakamizike kubwerera kwawo, komwe amayi ake amalamulira, zomwe anthu samakonda kwenikweni.
Kuphatikiza apo, Scotland idamezedwa ndi kusintha kwa Chiprotestanti, chifukwa chake khothi lachifumu lidagawika Akatolika ndi Aprotestanti.
Ena ndipo wachiwiri adayesetsa kupambana mfumukazi ku mbali yawo, koma Maria adachita mosamala kwambiri, kuyesera kutsatira uchete. Sanathetse Chiprotestanti, chomwe panthawiyo chinali chovomerezeka kale mdziko muno, koma nthawi yomweyo anapitilizabe kulumikizana ndi Tchalitchi cha Katolika.
Atakhazikika pampando wachifumu, a Mary Stuart adapeza bata ndi bata mofananamo m'boma. Modabwitsa, sanazindikire Elizabeth I ngati Mfumukazi yaku England, popeza anali ndi ufulu wambiri pampando wachifumu waku England. Izi zinali choncho chifukwa chakuti Elizabeti anali wolowa nyumba wapathengo.
Komabe, Mary amawopa kuyamba kulimbirana mphamvu, podziwa kuti sangatenge malo a Elizabeti mokakamiza.
Moyo waumwini
Maria anali ndi mawonekedwe okongola ndipo anali msungwana wophunzira. Pachifukwa ichi, anali wotchuka pakati pa amuna. Pambuyo pa imfa ya mwamuna wawo woyamba, Francis, mfumukaziyi idakumana ndi msuweni wake a Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, yemwe anali atangofika kumene ku Scotland.
Achinyamata adawonetsa kumvana, chifukwa chake adaganiza zokwatirana. Ukwati wawo udawakwiyitsa kwambiri a Elizabeth I ndi Aprotestanti aku Scottish. Othandizana nawo kale a Mary m'malo mwa Morey ndi Maitland adakonzera chiwembu mfumukaziyi, kuyesera kuti imuchotse pampando wachifumu.
Komabe, Stewart adatha kuthetsa kupanduka kumeneku. Wosankhidwa kumene posakhalitsa adakhumudwitsa mtsikanayo, popeza adadziwika ndi kufooka komanso kupanda ulemu. Pofika nthawi ya mbiri yake, anali atakhala ndi pakati ndi Henry, koma ngakhale izi sizikanakhoza kudzutsa malingaliro ake kwa mwamuna wake.
Akumva kusakondwa ndi kukanidwa ndi mkazi wake, mwamunayo adakonza chiwembu, ndipo pamaso pa Maria adalamula kuti kuphedwa kwa mlembi yemwe amamukonda kwambiri komanso David Riccio.
Mwachidziwikire, ndi mlanduwu, achiwembuwo amakakamiza mfumukazi kuti igwirizane. Komabe, Maria adapita kwa achiwembu: mwamtendere adakhazikitsa mtendere ndi mwamuna wake ndi Morey, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti agawanewo agawikane, pambuyo pake adachita nawo akuphawo.
Panthawiyo, mtima wa Mary unali wa mwamuna wina - James Hepburn, pomwe mwamuna wake anali cholemetsa kwa iye. Zotsatira zake, mu 1567 modabwitsa, a Henry Stuart adaphedwa pafupi ndi Edinburgh, ndipo nyumba yawo inaphulitsidwa.
Olemba mbiri ya Maria mpaka pano sangavomereze ngati adakhudzidwa ndi imfa ya mwamuna wake. Pambuyo pake, Mfumukazi idakhala mkazi wa Hepburn. Kuchita izi mosasunthika kumamchotsera thandizo la oyang'anira.
Achiprotestanti ankhanza anapandukira Stuart. Anamukakamiza kuti atumize mphamvu kwa mwana wake wamwamuna Yakov, yemwe regent wake anali m'modzi mwa omwe amachititsa opandukira. Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti Mary adathandiza James kuthawa ku Scotland.
Mfumukazi yomwe idachotsedwa idamangidwa m'nyumba yachifumu ya Lokhliven. Malinga ndi magwero ena, amapasa adabadwira kuno, koma mayina awo sapezeka muzolemba zilizonse zomwe zapezeka. Atanyengerera woyang'anira, mkaziyo adathawa kunyumba yachifumu ndikupita ku England, kudalira thandizo la Elizabeth.
Imfa
Kwa Mfumukazi yaku England, Stewart nthawi zonse anali kuwopseza, popeza anali wolowa m'malo pampando wachifumu. Mary sakanatha kulingalira zomwe Elizabeti angachite kuti amuchotse.
Kutulutsa dala nthawiyo, mayi wachingerezi adayamba kulemberana makalata ndi msuweni wake, osafuna kuti amuwone. Stewart anali ndi mbiri yoti anali wachifwamba komanso wakupha amuna, chifukwa chake tsogolo lake lidayenera kugamulidwa ndi anzawo achingerezi.
Maria adapezeka atalemba makalata osasamala ndi Anthony Babington, wogwirizira gulu lankhondo la Katolika, momwe anali wokhulupirika kupha Elizabeth. Kalatayo ikagwa m'manja mwa Mfumukazi yaku England, Stewart nthawi yomweyo adaweruzidwa kuti aphedwe.
Mary Stuart adadulidwa mutu pa February 8, 1587. Pa nthawiyo anali ndi zaka 44. Pambuyo pake, mwana wake wamwamuna Jacob, King of Scotland ndi England, adalamula kuti phulusa la amayi ake lisamutsidwe ku Westminster Abbey.
Chithunzi ndi Mary Stuart
