Tikakhazikika mumtima mwathu,
Siberia idzakhalamo kosatha!
Gawo lofunikira kwambiri pamoyo
Zaka zankhanza, taiga!
Chikhalidwe chimatenthedwa apa mwachangu!
Ndipo anthu amayesedwa m'machitidwe!
Ku Siberia mumaganizanso mosiyana
Mukuzindikira kukula kwa Dziko Lathu!
(V. Abramovsky)
Siberia ndi lingaliro lotanthauzira m'mbali iliyonse ya mawu. Tundra, taiga, nkhalango-steppe, steppes ndi zipululu zafalikira pagulu lalikulu, lopanda malire. Panali malo amizinda yakale komanso megalopolises zamakono, misewu yamakono ndi zotsalira za mafuko.
Wina amawopseza Siberia, wina akumva kukhala kunyumba, atangodutsa kaphiri ka Ural. Anthu amabwera kuno kudzapereka ziganizo zawo ndikusaka maloto. Iwo anasintha Siberia, ndipo kenako anazindikira kuti kusintha konseku ndi zodzoladzola, ndipo mamiliyoni a ma kilomita lalikulu a malo osiyanasiyana akukhalabe moyo wofanana ndi womwe amakhala zaka makumi zikwi zapitazo.
Nayi nkhani zomwe zimafotokoza kukula kwa Siberia. Pokonzekera kuwonongedwa kwa Mfumukazi Elizabeth Petrovna, amithenga anatumizidwa ku Russia konse kuti abweretse likulu la atsikana okongola kwambiri kuchokera kwa anthu okhala mdzikolo. Chaka chimodzi ndi theka chatsala pa chiwembucho, panali nthawi yokwanira, ngakhale malinga ndi malo omasuka aku Russia. Osati aliyense amene adapambana ndi ntchito yobweretsa ophunzira ku mpikisano woyamba wa Kukongola kwa Russia. Likulu-furrier Shakhturov, wotumizidwa ku Kamchatka, adamaliza ntchitoyi - adachoka ku Kamchadalka likulu. Pokhapokha atawabweretsera zaka 4 atapatsidwa ulemu. Ndipo Fridtjof Nansen wodziwika bwino waku Norway, akuyang'ana pamapu asanapite ku Siberia, adawona kuti ngati nyumba yamalamulo yaku Norway itakumana mchigawo cha Yenisei, ikadakhala ndi akazembe 2.25.
Siberia ndi dziko lovuta koma lolemera. Apa, pakulimba kwa dziko lapansi, tebulo lonse la periodic limasungidwa, komanso mumisika yambiri. Zowona, chilengedwe sichikufuna kusiya chuma chake. Mchere wambiri umachokera ku madzi oundana komanso miyala. Kupanga chomera chamagetsi - kukoka dziwe kuwoloka mtsinje, womwe banki yawo ina simawoneka. Kwa theka la chaka zinthu sizikuperekedwa? Inde, anthu amatha kutuluka mu Susuman kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kokha ndi ndege! Ndipo ku Magadan kokha. Ndipo a Siberia sakuwona moyo ngati chintchito. Amati ndizovuta, inde, ndipo nthawi zina kumakhala kozizira, chabwino, chabwino, osati aliyense m'malo ogulitsira ndi mitu ikuluikulu ...
Ndikofunika kusungitsa malo. Mwambiri, Siberia ndiye gawo pakati pa Urals ndi Far East. Ndiye kuti, Kolyma, mwachitsanzo, kapena Chukotka si Siberia, koma Far East. Mwinanso, kwa iwo omwe amakhala m'malo amenewa, magawano oterewa ndiofunika kwambiri, koma kwa anthu ambiri okhala ku Europe gawo la Russia, Siberia ndichinthu chilichonse chomwe chili pakati pa Urals ndi Pacific Ocean. Tiyeni tiyambe ndi lingaliro laling'ono lalingaliroli. 
Ngati chonchi
1. Kukula kwa Siberia kudachitika modabwitsa. Kudzera mwa kuyesetsa kwa anthu ochepa, pakadali pano, anthu aku Russia adafika kunyanja ya Pacific mzaka 50, ndipo mwa ena 50 - mpaka ku Arctic Ocean. Ndipo izi sizinali zochitika za maulendo apadera. M'misewu munakhazikitsidwa zida, anthu adakhazikika, misewu yamtsogolo idafotokozedwa.
2. Dziko la Finland limatchedwa mwandakatulo "Dziko la Nyanja Chikwi". Ku Siberia, kunyanja ya Vasyugan kuli nyanja 800,000 zokha, ndipo ngakhale kuchuluka kwawo kukuwonjezeka chifukwa chodumphadumpha m'derali. The Vasyugan madambo angaoneke ngati stash tsiku lamvula: pali 400 km3 madzi ndi matani biliyoni a peat pakuya mamita 2.5 okha.
3. Siberia ili ndi magetsi 4 mwa 5 mwamphamvu kwambiri opangira magetsi ku Russia: Sayano-Shushenskaya ndi Krasnoyarsk magetsi opangira magetsi ku Yenisei, ndi Bratsk ndi Ust-Ilimskaya magetsi opangira magetsi ku Angara. Zomwe zili ndi mbadwo wotentha ndizocheperako. Asanu mwamphamvu kwambiri ndi malo awiri aku Siberia: Surgutskaya-1 komanso amphamvu kwambiri mdziko muno Surgutskaya-2.
GRES Surgutskaya-2
4. Theka lachiwiri la 19 komanso koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 zidawonongedwa ndi akatswiri azakafukufuku aku Russia komanso olemba mbiri yakale pamtsutso wopanda tanthauzo woti Russia ikukula ndi Siberia kapena ngati Russiayo ikupita chakum'mawa, ndikulimbikitsa lingaliro la Siberia. Kwa zaka zambiri, zokambiranazi zikuwoneka ngati zopanda ntchito komanso zopanda pake monga zokambirana pakati pa azungu ndi ma Slavophiles koyambirira. Ndipo zotsatira za iwo ndizofanana: a Bolshevik adabwera, ndipo ambiri mwa omwe adatenga nawo mbali pazokambiranazi (omwe anali ndi mwayi) amayenera kuchita nawo ntchito zothandiza.
D. Mendeleev adati akuwonetsa Russia motere
5. Ngakhale koyambirira kwa zaka makumi awiri, kayendetsedwe ka boma kumadera a Arctic pakamwa pa Yenisei zimawoneka motere. Kamodzi zaka zingapo zilizonse, wapolisi wokhala ndi magulu angapo apansi amabwera kudera la Samoyed camp (momwe anthu onse akumpoto anali ochuluka). A Samoyed adasonkhanitsidwa pamasankho amtundu wina, pomwe samachapidwa, chifukwa chake atakakamizidwa adakakamizidwa kusankha mtsogoleri. Nthawi zambiri amakhala m'modzi mwa achikulire m'deralo, omwe amalankhula Chirasha mopepuka. Mtsogoleriyu anali ndi mwayi wopha miyezi isanu ndi umodzi pakatha zaka ziwiri zilizonse ali paulendo wopita kumwera kukalipira msonkho. Mtsogoleriyo sanalandire malipiro ngakhalenso kuchotsera msonkho. Anthu ena amtunduwu sanalandire chilichonse pamsonkho. Ndipo misonkho inali ma ruble 10 kopecks 50 - ndalama zambiri m'malo amenewo.
6. Gawo lakumwera kwa Siberia, titero kunena kwake, lamangiriridwa panjanji ziwiri - Trans-Siberia (motalika kwambiri padziko lapansi) ndi njanji yayikulu ya Baikal-Amur. Kufunika kwawo kukuwonekera poti Transsib, yomanga yomwe idamalizidwa mu 1916, ndi BAM, yomwe idalamulidwa mu 1984, akhala akugwira ntchito pamalire awo pafupifupi kuyambira pomwe adakhalako. Kuphatikiza apo, mizere yonseyi ikusinthidwa ndikuchita bwino nthawi zonse. Chifukwa chake, mu 2002 okha magetsi a Transsib adamalizidwa. Mu 2003, njira yovuta ya Severomuisky idatumizidwa ku BAM. Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu okwera, Trans-Siberia Railway ikhoza kuonedwa ngati khadi yakuchezera ku Siberia. Ulendo wapaulendo pamsewu wa Moscow-Vladivostok umatha masiku 7 ndipo mtundu wapamwamba umadula pafupifupi ma ruble 60,000. Sitimayo imadutsa m'mizinda ikuluikulu ya ku Siberia ndikuwoloka mitsinje yonse yamphamvu yaku Russia, kuyambira Volga mpaka Yenisei, imadutsa Nyanja ya Baikal ndikumaliza ulendo wawo pagombe la Pacific Ocean. Pakukhazikitsidwa kwaulendo wopitanso patsogolo, sitima ya Rossiya yatchuka pakati pa akunja.
7. Muthanso kuwoloka Siberia kuchokera kummawa mpaka kumadzulo pagalimoto. Kutalika kwa njira ya Chelyabinsk - Vladivostok ndi pafupifupi makilomita 7,500. Mosiyana ndi njanji yayikulu, msewu umadutsa m'malo amtchire, koma umalowa m'mizinda ikuluikulu yonse. Izi zitha kukhala zovuta - kudutsa misewu sikupezeka ku Siberia, chifukwa chake muyenera kudutsa mizinda ndi okondweretsana ndimisewu yamagalimoto komanso misewu yonyansa nthawi zina. Mwambiri, mseu wabwino ndiwokhutiritsa. Mu 2015, gawo lomaliza la miyala lidathetsedwa. Zomangamanga ndizopangidwa bwino, malo opangira mafuta ndi malo omwera ali pamtunda wokwera makilomita 60 wina ndi mnzake. Mumikhalidwe yokhazikika mchilimwe, mseu wokhala usiku wonse utenga masiku 7 - 8.
8. Panali nthawi pamene alendo zikwizikwi ankasamukira ku Siberia mwa kufuna kwawo. Chifukwa chake, mu ma 1760, chikalata chapadera chinavomerezedwa, cholola alendo akunja kuti azikakhala ku Russia kulikonse komwe angafune, ndikupatsa mwayi kwaomwe amakhala. Zotsatira za manifesto awa ndi kusamutsa anthu pafupifupi 30,000 aku Germany kupita ku Russia. Ambiri aiwo adakhazikika m'dera la Volga, koma osachepera 10,000 adadutsa Urals. Magulu ophunzira anali ochepa kwambiri kotero kuti ngakhale ataman wa Omsk Cossacks adakhala waku Germany EO Schmidt. Chodabwitsa kwambiri ndikukhazikitsanso mitengo ya 20,000 ku Siberia kumapeto kwa zaka za 19th ndi 20. Madandaulo okhudza kuponderezana kwa mafumu ndi kuponderezana kwa dziko lalikulu ku Poland adathera pomwe zidapezeka kuti nzika zaku Siberia zidapatsidwa malo, osachotsedwa misonkho komanso zimaperekanso maulendo.
9. Aliyense amadziwa kuti ku Siberia kukuzizira kuposa kulikonse komwe kumakhala anthu. Chizindikiro chenicheni ndi -67.6 ° С, cholembedwa ku Verkhoyansk. Sizikudziwika kwenikweni kuti kwa zaka 33, kuyambira 1968 mpaka 2001, Siberia inali ndi chisonyezo chazovuta zakuthambo padziko lapansi. Ku siteshoni ka nyengo ya Agata ku Krasnoyarsk Territory, kukakamizidwa kwa mamilimita 812.8 a mercury kudalembedwa (kuthamanga kwanthawi zonse ndi 760). M'zaka za zana la 21, mbiri yatsopano idakhazikitsidwa ku Mongolia. Ndipo tawuni ya Bor-Baikal ku Borzya ndi kotentha kwambiri ku Russia. Dzuwa limawala mkati mwake maola 2797 pachaka. Chizindikiro cha Moscow - maola 1723, St. Petersburg - 1633.
10. Pakati pa mapiri a taiga kumpoto kwa Chigwa cha Central Siberia kukwera phiri la Putorana. Awa ndi mapangidwe a nthaka omwe adadza chifukwa chokwera kwa gawo lina lanthaka yapadziko lapansi. Malo osungira zachilengedwe amakonzedwa m'chigwa chachikulu. Pakati pa madera a Putorana Plateau pali miyala yosanjikiza isanu ndi umodzi, nyanja, mathithi, zigumula, nkhalango zamapiri ndi tundra. Kudera lamapiri kuli nyama ndi mbalame zambirimbiri. Chigwa chimenechi ndi malo amene alendo ambiri amakopa alendo. Maulendo olinganizidwa ochokera ku Norilsk amachokera ku ruble 120,000.
11. Ku Siberia kuli zipilala zazikulu ziwiri zakusowa kwamunthu. Uwu ndiye mseu wamadzi wa Ob-Yenisei, womangidwa mchaka cha 19th komanso wotchedwa "Road Road" - njanji ya Salekhard-Igarka, yomwe idayikidwa mu 1948-1953. Mapeto a ntchito zonsezi ndi ofanana mofananamo. Adayendetsedwa pang'ono. Ma sitima oyendetsa sitima ankadutsa madzi a mu Ob-Yenisei Way, ndipo sitima zinkayenda motsatira njirayo. Kumpoto ndi kumwera konse, ntchito yowonjezera idafunikira kuti akwaniritse ntchitoyi. Koma onse a boma la tsarist m'zaka za zana la 19 komanso akuluakulu aku Soviet Union m'zaka za zana la 20 adaganiza zopulumutsa ndalama ndipo sanapereke ndalama. Zotsatira zake, njira zonse ziwiri zinawonongeka ndikutha. Kale m'zaka za zana la 21, zidapezeka kuti njanji idafunikabe. Idatchedwa Northern Latitudinal Passage. Kutsiriza kumanga kumakonzedwa
2024 chaka.
12. Pali mawu odziwika bwino a AP Chekhov onena momwe, podutsa ku Siberia, adakumana ndi munthu wowona mtima, ndipo adadzakhala Myuda. Kusamutsa Ayuda kupita ku Siberia kunali koletsedwa, koma panali ntchito yovuta ku Siberia! Ayuda omwe adagwira nawo gawo lalikulu pagulu lakusinthirali adatha ku Siberia atamangidwa maunyolo. Ena mwa iwo, atamasulidwa okha, amakhala kutali ndi mitu yayikulu. Kuyambira m'ma 1920, olamulira aku Soviet Union adalimbikitsa Ayuda kuti asamukire ku Siberia pokhazikitsa chigawo chapadera cha izi. Mu 1930 adalengezedwa kuti ndi dera ladziko lonse ndipo mu 1934 dera lachiyuda linakhazikitsidwa. Komabe, Ayudawo sanalimbane kwenikweni ndi Siberia, kuchuluka kwa Ayuda m'derali anali anthu 20,000 okha. Masiku ano, pafupifupi Ayuda 1,000 amakhala ku Birobidzhan ndi madera ozungulira.
13. Mafuta oyamba pamsika wamafuta adapezeka ku Siberia mu 1960. Tsopano, madera akuluakulu atakhala ndi ziboola, zitha kuwoneka kuti palibe chifukwa chofunira china ku Siberia - kumata ndodo Padziko Lapansi, kapena mafuta azitha, kapena gasi azituluka. M'malo mwake, ngakhale panali zikwangwani zambiri zotsimikizira kupezeka kwa "golide wakuda", kuyambira paulendo woyamba wa akatswiri ofufuza miyala mpaka kupezeka kwa mafuta, zaka 9 zolimbikira zidadutsa. Masiku ano malo osungira mafuta a 77% ndi 88% yamafuta ku Russia ali ku Siberia.
14. Pali milatho yambiri yapadera ku Siberia. Ku Norilsk, mlatho waukulu kwambiri wakumpoto padziko lapansi waponyedwa kuwoloka Mtsinje wa Norilskaya. Mlatho wa 380 mita unamangidwa mu 1965. Lalikulu kwambiri - mamita 40 - mlatho ku Siberia umalumikiza magombe a Tom ku Kemerovo. Mlatho wa metro wokhala ndi kutalika kopitilira makilomita awiri wokhala ndi gawo pafupifupi mamitala 900 wayikidwa ku Novosibirsk. Chidziwitso cha ruble 10 chikuwonetsa Bridge Bridge ya Krasnoyarsk, kutalika kwake ndi makilomita 2.1. Mlathowu unamangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ma pontoon ochokera kumabokosi okonzeka omwe anali pagombe. Ndalama zokwana 5,000 za ruble zikuwonetsa Bridge ya Khabarovsk. Kutalika kwa mlatho wachiwiri ku Krasnoyarsk kumapitilira 200 mita, yomwe ndi mbiri ya milatho yazitsulo zonse. Kale m'zaka za zana la 21, mlatho wa Nikolaevsky ku Krasnoyarsk, mlatho wa Bugrinsky ku Novosibirsk, mlatho wa Boguchansky ku Krasnoyarsk Territory, mlatho wopita ku Yuribey ku Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, mlatho ku Irkutsk ndi mlatho wa Yugorsky udatsegulidwa ku Siberia.
Chingwe chokhala ndi chingwe kudutsa Ob
15. Kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 16 Siberia wakhala malo ogwidwa ukapolo amitundu yonse, zigawenga, andale, komanso "generalists". Kodi mungatchule bwanji ma Bolshevik omwewo ndi ena omwe amasintha omwe adapita ku Trans-Urals pazomwe zimatchedwa "kulanda", "ex"? Kupatula apo, adawazenga mlandu woweruza milandu. Asanalamulire Soviet, ngakhale mzaka zake zoyambirira, ukapolo inali njira yokhayo yotumizira munthu woweruzidwa kuti apite kumoto, asakamuwone. Ndiyeno USSR inkafuna matabwa, golidi, malasha ndi zina zambiri kuchokera ku mphatso za chikhalidwe cha ku Siberia, ndipo nthawi zinali zovuta. Chakudya ndi zovala, motero moyo wawo womwe, udayenera kugwiridwa. Nyengo sinapulumuke. Koma misasa ya ku Siberia ndi Kolyma sinali konse konse - chifukwa, aliyense amayenera kugwira ntchito. Zoti kufa kwa akaidi aku Siberia sikunali konsekonse zikuwonetsedwanso ndi kuchuluka kwa omwe adapulumuka ku Bandera komanso omenyera ufulu wina wamnkhalango m'misasa. M'zaka za m'ma 1990, ambiri adadabwa kuona kuti panali akulu akulu angapo aku Ukraine omwe adamasulidwa ndi Khrushchev ku Siberia, ndipo ambiri aiwo adasunga mayunifolomu aku Germany.
16. Ngakhale nkhani yovuta kwambiri yokhudza Siberia singachite popanda kutchula Baikal. Siberia ndiyapadera, Baikal ndiyapadera paliponse. Nyanja yayikulu yokhala ndi malo osiyanasiyana, koma okongola mofanana, madzi oyera (m'malo ena mutha kuwona pansi pamadzi akuya 40) ndipo mitundu yambiri ya zinyama ndi zinyama ndi katundu ndi chuma cha Russia. Gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu mwa madzi abwino padziko lapansi lakhala pansi pa nyanja ya Baikal. Pogonjera nyanja zina pamadzi, Baikal imaposa nyanja zonse zamadzi oyera padziko lapansi.
Pa Baikal
17. Mphatso yayikulu yazachilengedwe yomwe ili ndi tanthauzo loipa si nyengo yozizira, koma kudziluma - udzudzu ndi midges. Ngakhale nyengo yotentha kwambiri, muyenera kuvala zovala zotentha, ndipo m'malo amtchire mumabisa thupi lonse pansi pa zovala, magolovesi ndi maukonde a udzudzu. Pafupifupi udzudzu 300 ndi tizirombo 700 timaukira munthu pa mphindi. Pali kuthawa kumodzi kokha kuchokera kumapiri - mphepo, komanso kuzizira bwino. Ku Siberia, panjira, nthawi zambiri pamakhala masiku achisanu pakati chilimwe, koma palibe masiku achilimwe pakati pachisanu.
18. Ku Siberia, chimodzi mwa zinsinsi zodabwitsa kwambiri m'mbiri ya mafumu achi Russia chidabadwa ndipo sichikusintha. Mu 1836, bambo wachikulire adatengedwa ukapolo kupita kuchigawo cha Tomsk, yemwe adamangidwa mchigawo cha Perm ngati woyendayenda. Ankatchedwa Fyodor Kuzmich, Kozmin anatchula dzina lake lomaliza kamodzi kokha. Mkuluyo adakhala moyo wolungama, adaphunzitsa ana kuwerenga ndi kulemba komanso Lamulo la Mulungu, ngakhale pomwe adamangidwa adati adalephera kuwerenga. Mmodzi wa a Cossacks, yemwe adatumikira ku St. Petersburg, adazindikira Emperor Alexander I ku Fedor Kuzmich, yemwe adamwalira ku 1825 ku Taganrog. Mphekesera za izi zimafalikira ndi liwiro la mphezi. Mkuluyo sanawatsimikizire. Ankakhala moyo wokangalika: amalemberana ndi anthu otchuka, adakumana ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo, adachiritsa odwala, adaneneratu. Ku Tomsk, Fyodor Kuzmich anali ndi ulamuliro waukulu, koma anali wodzichepetsa kwambiri. Kuyenda mu mzinda, Leo Tolstoy anakumana ndi mkulu. Pali zifukwa zambiri zovomerezera komanso zotsutsana ndi zomwe Fyodor Kuzmich anali Emperor Alexander I, yemwe anali kubisala ku dziko lapansi.Kuwunika kwa majini kumatha kuzindikira onsewa, koma atsogoleri azipembedzo kapena akuluakulu aku tchalitchi sakusonyeza kufuna kuchita izi. Kafukufuku akupitilirabe - mu 2015, msonkhano wonse unakonzedwa ku Tomsk, komwe kunapezeka ochita kafukufuku ochokera ku Russia konse ndi mayiko akunja.
naintini.Pa June 30, 1908, Siberia inali patsamba loyamba la manyuzipepala odziwika padziko lonse lapansi. M'nyengo yakuya kwambiri, kuphulika kwamphamvu kunagunda, zomwe zimamveka padziko lonse lapansi. Zomwe zingayambitse kuphulikazi zikukambidwabe. Kuphulika kwa meteorite kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi zomwe zapezedwa, chifukwa chake chodabwitsa chake chimatchedwa kuti Tunguska meteorite (mtsinje wa Podkamennaya Tunguska umadutsa kudera la kuphulika). Maulendo oyimira asayansi amatumizidwa mobwerezabwereza kumalo a zochitikazo, koma zoyeserera za chombo chachilendo, momwe ofufuza ambiri amakhulupirira, sichidapezeke.
20. Akatswiri asayansi ndi okonda masewerawa akutsutsanabe ngati kufalikira kwa dziko la Russia kupita ku Siberia kunali kwamtendere kapena ngati inali njira yolowetsa atsamunda ndi zotulukapo zonse zakupha anthu amtunduwu kapena kuwathamangitsa m'malo omwe amakhala. Udindo mumkangano nthawi zambiri umadalira osati zenizeni zenizeni m'mbiri, koma pazandale za omwe akutsutsana. Fridtjof Nansen yemweyo, akupita kukakwera sitima yapamadzi Yenisei, adazindikira kuti malowa ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi America, koma Russia sinapeze Cooper yake kuti afotokozere kukongola kwake motsutsana ndi chiwembu. Tiyerekeze kuti Russia inali ndi ma Coopers okwanira, osakwanira nkhani. Ngati Russia idamenyanadi ku Caucasus, ndiye kuti nkhondoyi zidawonetsedwa m'mabuku aku Russia. Ndipo ngati kulibe kufotokozera za nkhondo zazigawenga zazing'ono zaku Russia ndi zikwizikwi za asitikali aku Siberia ndi chilango chotsatirachi, ndiye kuti kufalikira kwa Russia kummawa kunali kwamtendere.
