Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov (1905 - 1984) ndi m'modzi mwa olemba otchuka kwambiri aku Russia Soviet. Buku lake "Quiet Don" ndi imodzi mwazolemba zazikulu kwambiri zaku Russia m'mbiri yake yonse. Mabuku ena - Nthaka ya Namwali Yasinthidwa ndipo Amenyera Dziko Lawo - amaphatikizidwanso mu thumba lagolide la mawu osindikizidwa aku Russia.
Sholokhov moyo wake wonse anakhalabe wosavuta, wodekha, wokondwa komanso wachifundo. Anali m'modzi mwa oyandikana nawo mudziwo komanso pakati pa omwe anali ndi mphamvu. Sanabise malingaliro ake, koma ankakonda kusewera anzawo. Nyumba yake m'mudzi wa Vyoshenskaya, m'chigawo cha Rostov, sinali malo ogwirira ntchito a wolemba okha, komanso chipinda cholandirira, komwe anthu amapita kudera lonselo. Sholokhov anathandiza ambiri ndipo sanathetse aliyense. Anthu amzake amamulipira ndi ulemu wapadziko lonse.
Sholokhov ndi wa m'badwo womwe udadzazidwa ndi mavuto ndi zisoni. Wopenga mwankhanza, Civilivization, Great Patriotic War, kumanganso nkhondo itatha ... Mikhail Alexandrovich adatenga nawo gawo pazonsezi, ndipo adatha kuziwonetsa m'mabuku ake abwino kwambiri. Kufotokozera komwe kwa moyo wake, komwe munthu wina adamutengera, kumatha kukhala buku lanthano.
1. Kuchokera paukwati wa abambo ndi amayi a Sholokhov komanso kubadwa kwa Mikhail, mutha kupanga mndandanda wathunthu. Alexander Sholokhov, ngakhale anali wa gulu la amalonda, anali wodabwitsa komanso wopambana. Anali woyenera m'nyumba za eni malo ndipo amamuwona ngati wofanana ndi akwati apakati. Koma Alexander ankakonda wantchito wamba amene ankatumikira m'nyumba ya Popova. Pa Don, mpaka Revolution ya Okutobala, malire oyenda bwino adasungidwa, kotero ukwati wa mwana wamalonda ndi namwali udali wamanyazi kubanja. Anastasia, Alexander anasankhidwa, monga wamasiye mwa lamulo la ataman. Komabe, mtsikanayo posakhalitsa anasiya mwamuna wake ndipo anayamba kukhala m'nyumba ya Alexander, wosiyana ndi banja lake, atadzionetsera ngati woyang'anira nyumba. Chifukwa chake, Mikhail Sholokhov adabadwa kunja kwaukwati mu 1905 ndipo anali ndi dzina lina. Mu 1913, atamwalira amuna ovomerezeka a Anastasia, banjali linatha kukwatira ndikupatsa mwana wawo dzina la Sholokhov m'malo mwa Kuznetsov.
2. Ukwati wokha wa Mikhail mwiniwake, mwachiwonekere ndi cholowa, nawonso sunachitike popanda chochitika chilichonse. Mu 1923, anali oti akwatire mwana wamkazi wa kalonga wachifundo Gromoslavsky. Apongozi, ngakhale adapulumuka mozizwitsa kuwomberedwa koyamba ndi azungu chifukwa chogwira ntchito ya Red Army, kenako ndi reds panthawi yochotsa zida, anali munthu wolimba mtima, ndipo poyamba sanafune kupereka mwana wake wamkazi kwa wopemphapempha, ngakhale adangomupatsa thumba la ufa ngati chololera. Koma nthawi sizinalinso zofanana, ndipo zinali zovuta ndi mkwati pa Don panthawiyo - ndi angati miyoyo ya Cossack yomwe idatengedwa ndikusintha ndi nkhondo. Ndipo mu Januwale 1924, Mikhail ndi Maria Sholokhovs adakhala mwamuna ndi mkazi. Anakhala m'banja zaka 60 ndi mwezi umodzi, mpaka wamwalira wolemba. Muukwati, ana 4 anabadwa - anyamata awiri, Alexander ndi Michael, ndi atsikana awiri, Svetlana ndi Maria. Maria Petrovna Sholokhova anamwalira mu 1992 ali ndi zaka 91.
Onsewa amayembekezeka kukhala zaka 60
3. Mikhail Alexandrovich kuyambira ali mwana adatenga chidziwitso ngati siponji. Ali wachinyamata, ngakhale anali ndi magulu anayi okha a masewera olimbitsa thupi, anali wanzeru kwambiri kotero kuti amatha kuyankhula ndi achikulire ophunzira pamitu yanzeru. Sanasiye maphunziro ake, ndipo adakhala wolemba wotchuka. M'zaka za m'ma 1930, "Malo Olemba a Writers" ankagwira ntchito ku Moscow, malo ogulitsira mabuku omwe ankasankha posankha mabuku okhala ndi nkhani zosangalatsa. M'zaka zochepa chabe, ogwira ntchito m'sitoloyo adapeza mabuku angapo a filosofi a Sholokhov, omwe anali ndi mabuku opitilira 300. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, wolemba nthawi zonse ankadutsa mabuku omwe anali kale mulaibulale yake kuchokera mndandanda wazomwe amapatsidwa.
4. Sholokhov analibe nthawi yophunzira nyimbo, ndipo palibe, koma anali munthu woimba kwambiri. Mikhail Alexandrovich adziwa yekha ma mandolin ndi limba yekha ndipo adayimba bwino. Komabe, izi sizosadabwitsa kwa mbadwa ya Cossack Don. Inde, Sholokhov ankakonda kumvetsera nyimbo za Cossack ndi zowerengeka, komanso ntchito za Dmitry Shostakovich.
5. Pa nthawi ya nkhondo, nyumba ya a Sholokhov ku Vyoshenskaya idawonongedwa ndi kuphulika kwapafupi kwa bomba la mlengalenga, amayi a wolemba adamwalira. Mikhail Alexandrovich anafunadi kubwezeretsa nyumba yakale, koma kuwonongeka kunali kwakukulu. Ndinayenera kupanga yatsopano. Anamanga ndi ngongole yotsika mtengo. Zinatenga zaka zitatu kuti amange nyumbayo, ndipo a Sholokhov adalipira zaka 10. Koma nyumbayo idakhala yabwino kwambiri - yokhala ndi chipinda chachikulu, pafupifupi holo, momwe alendo amalandilidwa, chipinda chowerengera cha zipinda komanso zipinda zazikulu.
Nyumba yakale. Komabe idamangidwanso
Nyumba yatsopano
6. Zosangalatsa zazikulu za Sholokhov zinali kusaka ndi kuwedza. Ngakhale m'miyezi yanjala yapaulendo wake woyamba ku Moscow, adakwanitsa kupitiliza kugwira nsomba zakunja: kaya zingwe zazing'ono zaku England zomwe zitha kupirira mphamba wa 15-kilf, kapena mtundu wina wa nsomba zolemetsa. Ndiye, pamene mkhalidwe wachuma wa wolemba udayamba kukhala wabwinoko, adapeza zida zabwino kwambiri zowodza ndi kusaka. Nthawi zonse anali ndi mfuti zingapo (osachepera 4), ndipo chida chake chinali mfuti yaku England yokhala ndi mawonekedwe owonera patali, kungosaka ma bustards ovuta kwambiri.
7. Mu 1937, mlembi woyamba wa komiti ya chipani cha Vyoshensky, a Pyotr Lugovoi, wapampando wa komiti yayikulu ya chigawo, a Tikhon Logachev, ndi director of the winery Pyotr Krasikov, omwe Sholokhov adadziwana nawo kuyambira nthawi zisanachitike, adamangidwa. Mikhail Alexandrovich adalemba makalata, kenako adabwera ku Moscow. Omangidwawo adamasulidwa kuofesi ya Commissar wa People's Internal Affairs Nikolai Yezhov.
8. Ndandanda ya ntchito ya Sholokhov kuyambira ubwana wake mpaka 1961, pomwe wolemba adadwala sitiroko yayikulu, idali yovuta kwambiri. Adadzuka 4 koloko m'mawa ndikugwira ntchito mpaka m'mawa 7. Kenako adadzipereka pantchito yaboma - anali wachiwiri, adalandira alendo ambiri, adalandira ndikutumiza makalata ambiri. Madzulo adayamba gawo lina la ntchito, lomwe limatha kupitilira mpaka mochedwa. Mothandizidwa ndi matenda ndi kusokonezeka kwa asitikali, nthawi yogwira ntchito idachepetsedwa, ndipo mphamvu ya Mikhail Alexandrovich idachoka pang'onopang'ono. Pambuyo pa matenda ena oopsa mu 1975, madokotala adamuletsa kugwira ntchito, koma Sholokhov adalemba masamba ochepa. Banja la a Sholokhovs adapita kutchuthi kumalo osodza kapena osaka - ku Khoper, ku Kazakhstan. Pazaka zomaliza zokha za moyo wawo, a Sholokhovs amapita kutchuthi kunja kangapo. Ndipo maulendo amenewa anali ngati kuyesa kuthana ndi Mikhail Alexandrovich kuntchito.
Ntchito inali chilichonse kwa Sholokhov
9. Mu 1957 Boris Pasternak adapereka zolemba pamanja za "Doctor Zhivago" kuti zifalitsidwe kunja - USSR sinkafuna kufalitsa bukuli. Chisokonezo chachikulu chidayamba, pomwe mawu odziwika bwino oti "sindinawerenge Pasternak, koma ndikutsutsa" adabadwa (nyuzipepala idasindikiza makalata ochokera kumagulu antchito otsutsa zomwe wolemba adalemba). Kudzudzula, monga nthawi zonse ku Soviet Union, kunali m'dziko lonse lapansi. Pazomwe zakhala zikuchitika, mawu a Sholokhov adawoneka ngati osokoneza. Ali ku France, Mikhail Alexandrovich adati poyankhulana kuti kunali koyenera kufalitsa buku la Pasternak ku Soviet Union. Owerenga akadayamika chifukwa chosakhala bwino kwa ntchitoyi, ndipo akadaiwala za iyo. Atsogoleri a Union of Writers of the USSR ndi Central Committee of the CPSU adadzidzimuka ndikufunsa kuti Sholokhov awononge mawu ake. Wolembayo anakana, koma sanapulumuke.
10. Sholokhov ankasuta chitoliro kuyambira ali mwana, ndudu zochepa kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri, omwe amasuta mapaipi amakhala ndi nkhani zambiri zokhudzana nawo. Analinso mu mbiri ya Mikhail Alexandrovich. Pa nthawi ya nkhondo, iye anapita ku Saratov kukakambirana za ntchito ya Nthaka Upturned mu anasamutsidwa mu Moscow Art Theatre. Msonkhanowo unachitikira m'malo otentha komanso ochezeka kotero kuti, popita kubwalo la ndege, wolemba adayiwala chitoliro chake mu hostel. Linasungidwa ndikubwezeretsedweratu kwa mwini wake, ngakhale adayesapo kangapo kuti akaba chikumbutso chamtengo wapatali. Ndipo polumikizana ndi anthu akumayiko ena ngati nthumwi ku nyumba zamapwando ndi wachiwiri wawo, Sholokhov nthawi zambiri amapempha kuti akonze utsi, pomwe chitoliro chake chimadutsa muholo yonse, koma modzichepetsa amabwerera kwa mwini wake.
Mikhail Sholokhov ndi Ilya Erenburg
11.Makope ambiri adathyoledwa (ndipo ayi, ayi, inde, akuswa) mozungulira zolemba za The Quiet Don ndi ntchito za MA Sholokhov ambiri. Vutoli, monga momwe maphunziro onse awiri ndi kupezeka kwa zolembedwa za The Quiet Don mu 1999 zawonetsa, sizoyenera kuwonongeka. Ngati mpaka pakati pa 1960 panali kufanana kwa zokambirana zasayansi zokhudzana ndi kulembedwa kwa Sholokhov, ndiye zidadziwika kuti kuneneza kuti sanabereke Sholokhov payekha. Kunali kuukira Soviet Union ndi mfundo zake. Ndemanga zoneneza wolemba wakuba zidadziwika ndi ambiri mwa omwe adatsutsa, mosasamala kanthu kuti ndi akatswiri, komanso mawu andalama. A. Solzhenitsyn amadziwika makamaka. Mu 1962 adalemekeza Sholokhov ngati "mlembi wa wosakhoza kufa" Quiet Don ", ndipo zaka 12 ndendende adadzudzula Mikhail Alexandrovich pakubera. Bokosi lamakhalidwe, monga nthawi zonse, limatsegulidwa mophweka - Sholokhov adatsutsa nkhani ya Solzhenitsyn "Tsiku Limodzi ku Ivan Denisovich" pomwe amayesa kudzisankhira Mphotho ya Lenin. Pa Meyi 17, 1975, Mikhail Aleksandrovich adawerenga buku la Solzhenitsyn "Butting a ng'ombe ndi Oak", pomwe wolemba adaponya matope pafupifupi onse olemba Soviet. Pa Meyi 19 adadwala matenda aubongo.
12. Pa Great Patriotic War, Sholokhov nthawi zambiri amapita kutsogolo, posankha magulu okwera pamahatchi - panali ma Cossacks ambiri. Paulendo wina, adatenga nawo gawo pakuwombera kwakanthawi ndi gulu la Pavel Belov kumbuyo kwa adani. Ndipo pamene Mikhail Alexandrovich adafika pagulu la General Dovator, amuna okwera pamahatchi adamsamutsa kuchoka kwa oyenda (olemba ndi atolankhani adapatsidwa magulu ankhondo osiyanasiyana) kwa apakavalo. Sholokhov adanena kuti, atalandira mwayi wotere, iye anakana. Kupatula apo, zochita zoterezi zimafunikira dongosolo kuchokera kumtunda wapamwamba, ndi zina zambiri. Kenako anyamata awiri olemera adamugwira mikono, ndipo wachitatu adasintha zizindikilo zapazipika zake kukhala za apakavalo. Sholokhov adadutsa njira kutsogolo ndi Leonid Brezhnev. Pamsonkhano kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1960, Mikhail Alexandrovich adalonjera mlembi wosakhala wamkulu uja nthawi yomweyo: "Ndikufunirani thanzi labwino, Comrade Colonel!" Leonid Ilyich adadzudzula monyadira kuti: "Ndine kale lieutenant General." Asanakhale wamkulu, Brezhnev anali asanakwanitse zaka 15. Sanakhumudwe ndi Sholokhov ndipo adapatsa wolemba mfuti wowonera telescopic patsiku lake lobadwa la 65.
13. Mu Januwale 1942, Mikhail Alexandrovich adavulala kwambiri pangozi yandege. Ndege yomwe adakwera kuchokera Kuibyshev kupita ku Moscow idachita ngozi ikatera. Mwa onse omwe adakwera, woyendetsa ndege yekha ndi Sholokhov ndi omwe adapulumuka. Wolemba adalandira chisokonezo chachikulu, zomwe zotsatira zake zidamveka pamoyo wake wonse. Mwana Michael adakumbukira kuti mutu wa abambo ake udatupa modabwitsa.
14. Nthawi ina, mkati mwa Great Patriotic War, Sholokhov adangopulumuka m'gulu la Union Writers 'Union. Anamva mphekesera za njala yomwe ingachitike ku Vyoshenskaya - kunalibe mbewu yanyumba, zida. Atathamangira kunyumba, ndi kuyesayesa kwa titanic adagwetsa tirigu makumi khumi, zida zomangira komanso zida. Mu theka lachiwiri la 1947 adalemba makalata khumi ndi awiri ku komiti yachigawo yoyandikira chigawo cha Vyoshenskaya. Zifukwa zake: mlimi wothandiziridwayo sanapatsidwe mwayi woweruza chifukwa chosowa masiku antchito; mlimi wothandizana naye ali ndi zilonda zam'mimba, koma samalandira chithandizo kuchipatala; msirikali wakutsogolo wovulala katatu uja adathamangitsidwa m'munda wonsewo. Pakatikati mwa zaka za m'ma 1950 maiko amwali adadza kwa iye, ndikupanga mpikisano wanjinga zamoto kudutsa Soviet Union yonse mofananamo 52, Mikhail Alexandrovich sanathe kuwalandira tsiku lobwera - gulu la aphungu aku Britain limamuyendera. Tsiku lotsatira, oyendetsa njinga zamoto adalankhula ndi Sholokhov limodzi ndi nthumwi za gulu lonse la alembi amakomiti azigawo a CPSU, ndipo aphunzitsi ochokera kudera la Saratov anali akuyembekezera. Si alendo onse komanso olemba makalata a Sholokhov omwe sanachite chidwi. Mu 1967, mlembi wake adalemba kuti kuyambira Januware mpaka Meyi okha, makalata opita kwa M. Sholokhov anali ndi zopempha zothandizidwa ndi ndalama zokwana ma ruble 1.6 miliyoni. Zopempha zokhudzana ndi zazing'ono komanso zazikulu - zanyumba yothandizana nayo, galimoto.
15. Amakhulupirira kuti Sholokhov adalankhula ku Congress ya 23 ya CPSU motsutsa A. Sinyavsky ndi Y. Daniel. Olembawa pambuyo pake adawalamula kuti akhale m'ndende zaka 7 ndi 5 chifukwa chotsutsana ndi Soviet - adasamutsa, osati motentha ndi chikondi cha mphamvu zaku Soviet, akugwira ntchito kunja kuti asindikizidwe. Mphamvu ya omangidwawo imatsimikizirika ndikuti zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi kuchokera pamene wolandila wailesi padziko lapansi amafalitsa za iwo, ndi anthu okhawo omwe amizidwa kwambiri m'mbiri ya gulu lotsutsa omwe amakumbukira za iwo. Sholokhov adalankhula mwamphamvu kwambiri, ndikukumbukira momwe pa nthawi ya Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni pa Don adayikidwa kukhoma chifukwa cha machimo ang'onoang'ono. Russian Wikipedia ikuti atatha kuyankhula uku, ena mwa anzeruwo adatsutsa wolemba, "adanyansidwa". M'malo mwake, gawo limodzi lokha la mawu a Sholokhov lidaperekedwa kwa Sinyavsky ndi Daniel, momwe adadzutsa nkhani zingapo, kuyambira zaluso mpaka chitetezo cha Nyanja ya Baikal. Ndipo za kukhudzika ... M'chaka chomwecho cha 1966, Sholokhov adapita ku Japan ndikusamutsa ku Khabarovsk. Malinga ndi mtolankhani waku nyuzipepala yakomweko, adauzidwa izi kuchokera ku komiti yazipani zamzindawu. Anthu mazana ambiri ku Khabarovsk adakumana ndi Mikhail Alexandrovich pabwalo la ndege. Pamisonkhano iwiri ndi Sholokhov mu maholo, kunalibe kulikonse kuti apulo igwe, ndipo panali zolemba zambiri ndi mafunso. Ndondomeko ya wolemba inali yothina kwambiri kotero kuti mtolankhani wa nyuzipepala ya asitikali ankhondo, kuti angopeza autograph kuchokera kwa wolemba, adayenera kulowa mu hotelo komwe amakhala Sholokhov.
16. Mwa mphotho za Soviet zomwe adalandira chifukwa cha zolembalemba, Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov sanawononge ndalama zake kapena banja lake. Mphoto ya Stalin (ma ruble 100,000 panthawiyo ndimalipiro pafupifupi a 339 rubles), omwe adalandira mu 1941, adasamukira ku Defense Fund. Pogwiritsa ntchito mphoto ya Lenin (1960, 100,000 ruble ndi malipiro apakati a 783 rubles), sukulu idamangidwa m'mudzi wa Bazkovskaya. Gawo la 1965 Nobel Prize ($ 54,000) adagwiritsa ntchito kuzungulira dziko lapansi, gawo lina la Sholokhov lomwe lidaperekedwa pomanga kalabu ndi laibulale ku Vyoshenskaya.
17. Nkhani yoti Sholokhov adapatsidwa mphotho ya Nobel idadza nthawi yomwe wolemba anali akusodza m'malo akutali ku Urals. Atolankhani angapo akumaloko adapita kumeneko, ku Nyanja Zhaltyrkul, pafupi ndi mseu, ndikulota zotenga zoyankhulana zoyambirira kuchokera kwa wolemba pambuyo pa mphothoyo. Komabe, Mikhail Aleksandrovich adawakhumudwitsa - kuyankhulana kudalonjezedwa ku Pravda. Kuphatikiza apo, sanafune kusiya usodzi nthawi isanakwane. Kale pamene ndege yapadera idatumizidwa kwa iye, Sholokhov adayenera kubwerera ku chitukuko.
Zolankhula za Sholokhov atalandira mphotho ya Nobel Prize
18. Pansi pa ulamuliro wofewa wa LI Brezhnev, zinali zovuta kwambiri kuti Sholokhov afalitse kuposa zomwe JV Stalin adachita. Wolembayo adadandaula kuti "Quiet Don", "Virgin Land Upturned" komanso gawo loyambirira la buku la "Iwo Amenyera Dziko Lawo" lidasindikizidwa nthawi yomweyo komanso popanda kukangana pandale. Kuti kusindikizidwanso kwa "Amenyera Dziko lakwawo" amayenera kusintha. Buku lachiwiri la bukuli silinafalitsidwe kwa nthawi yayitali popanda kufotokozera momveka bwino zifukwa zake. Malinga ndi mwana wake wamkazi, pamapeto pake Sholokhov adawotcha pamanja.
19. Ntchito za M. Sholokhov zidasindikizidwa nthawi zopitilira 1400 m'maiko ambiri padziko lapansi ndikusindikizidwa makope opitilira 105 miliyoni. Wolemba waku Vietnamese Nguyen Din Thi adati mu 1950 mnyamatayo adabwerera kumudzi kwawo, atamaliza maphunziro ake ku Paris. Anabwera ndi buku la The Quiet Don mu Chifulenchi.Bukulo linayendera limodzi kufikira pomwe linayamba kuwola. M'zaka zimenezo, anthu aku Vietnamese analibe nthawi yofalitsa - panali nkhondo yamagazi ndi United States. Ndipo, kuti ateteze bukulo, linalembedwanso ndi dzanja nthawi zambiri. Ndi pamanja pano kuti Nguyen Din Thi adawerenga "Quiet Don".
Mabuku a M. Sholokhov azilankhulo zakunja
20. Kumapeto kwa moyo wake Sholokhov anavutika kwambiri ndipo anali kudwala kwambiri: kuthamanga, matenda ashuga, kenako khansa. Zomwe adachita komaliza pomugwirira ntchito inali kalata yopita ku Politburo ya Central Committee ya CPSU. M'kalata iyi, Sholokhov sanatchule malingaliro ake, mwa malingaliro ake, chisamaliro chokwanira chomwe chimaperekedwa ku mbiri ndi chikhalidwe cha Russia. Kudzera pawailesi yakanema komanso atolankhani, a Sholokhov adalemba, malingaliro odana ndi Russia akukokedwa mwachangu. Zionism yapadziko lonse imanyoza chikhalidwe cha Russia makamaka mokwiya. Politburo idakhazikitsa ntchito yapadera yoti ayankhe ku Sholokhov. Chipatso cha ntchito zake chinali cholemba chomwe apangapangidwe konse katsomol apparatchik. Mawuwo anali okhudza "kuthandizana", "kuthekera kwauzimu kwa anthu aku Russia ndi anthu ena", "L. ndi kufunsa kwa Brezhnev pankhani zikhalidwe," ndi zina zotero. Wolembayo adawonetsedwa pazolakwa zake zazikulu zandale komanso zandale. Panatsala zaka 7 perestroika isanakwane, zaka 13 USSR ndi CPSU zisanagwe.
