Tizilombo timalumikizana nawo nthawi yayitali komanso mlengalenga, pachisoni ndi chimwemwe, thanzi ndi imfa. Aigupto wakale amalambira kachilomboka, ndipo mbadwa zawo zamakono zimavutika ndi kuwonongeka kwa dzombe. Makolo athu adayesetsa kuthawa udzudzu ndi phula, nthawi zina timadandaula za zotchinga masiku ano zopanda ntchito. Mphemvu zinalipo Padziko Lapansi anthu asanakhalepo, ndipo, malinga ndi asayansi, adzapulumuka ngakhale nkhondo yapadziko lonse lapansi ya nyukiliya yomwe anthu adzawonongeka.
Tizilombo tosiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana. Nyerere zosonkhanitsa pamodzi ndi akangaude opambanitsa kwambiri ali mgulu limodzi. Gulugufe losalimba ndi kachilombo kakang'ono ka chipembere kotha kukoka zinthu zolemera nthawi zochulukirapo kuposa iwo - iwonso ndi abale, ngakhale ali kutali. Tizilombo timaphatikizapo udzudzu wouluka, ndi majeremusi-tiziromboti omwe samayenda palokha konse.
Pomaliza, mzere wogawa wofunikira kwambiri umayenda motsatira mzere wovulaza. Ziribe kanthu momwe amateur amateur and akatswiri amayesa kutsimikizira aliyense kuti tizilombo tonse timafunikira, tizilombo tonse ndikofunikira, ndizovuta kwambiri kuchita izi polemekeza oimira odziwika bwino mkalasi. Pofuna kuthawa ndikuchepetsa kuvulala kwa dzombe, nsabwe, nsikidzi, udzudzu ndi tizilombo tina, anthu adayenera kupereka miyoyo yambirimbiri komanso zinthu zambiri zosaganizirika. Kuchuluka kwa zokolola kuchokera ku mungu ndi njuchi kuli bwino pokhapokha ngati sichiwonongedwa ndi dzombe.
1. Pali tizilombo tambiri tambiri potengera kuchuluka ndi mitundu ya mitundu kotero kuti zomwe zimafotokoza za tizilombo tating'onoting'ono kwambiri komanso tating'onoting'ono tomwe timasinthasintha. Mpaka pano, nthumwi yayikulu kwambiri m'kalasiyi imadziwika kuti ndi tizilombo tomwe timagwira Phobaeticus chani, omwe amakhala pachilumba cha Kalimantan ku Indonesia. Kutalika kwa thupi lake ndi masentimita 35.7. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono kwambiri ndi tiziromboti (tiziromboti tomwe timakhala m'zinthu zina) Dicopomorpha echmepterygis. Kutalika kwake ndi 0,139 mm.
2. Zimadziwika kuti mzaka zachuma cha Soviet Union idagula kwambiri zida zamafakitale kunja. Koma ndimayenera kupanga zina, poyang'ana koyamba, osati kugula kofunikira kwambiri. Kotero, mu 1931, gulu la mbalame zazimayi za mtundu wa Rodolia zinagulidwa ku Egypt. Izi sizinali ndalama zosayenera ndalama zakunja - ma ladybug amayenera kupulumutsa zipatso za zipatso za Abkhaz. Kulima zipatso za citrus sikunali usodzi wazaka zana ku Abkhazia; adayamba kubzala ma tangerines ndi malalanje kokha m'ma 1920. Popanda kuphonya - pamodzi ndi mbande zomwe zidagulidwa ku Australia, zidabweretsanso mdani woyipitsitsa wa zipatso za citrus - nsabwe yotchedwa nyongolotsi ya Australia. Ku Australia, chifukwa cha ntchentche, anthu ake anali ochepa. Ku USSR, popanda adani achilengedwe, nsabwe za m'masamba zinasanduka mliri weniweni. Rodolia anabadwira mu wowonjezera kutentha ku Leningrad ndipo anatulutsidwa m'minda. Ng'ombezo zidagwira nyongolotsi moyenera kotero kuti idayamba kufa ndi njala - samadziwa chakudya china chachilengedwe m'malo amenewo.
3. Njuchi sizokha, osati uchi ndi zisa zochuluka. Zakhala zikudziwika kwa nthawi yayitali kuti chifukwa cha kuyendetsa mungu ndi njuchi zokolola za mbewu zonse zamaluwa zomwe zimatulutsa maluwa zimawonjezeka. Komabe, kuwonjezeka komwe kumalandira kuchokera kwa omwe amadzinyamula poyambitsa mungu nthawi zambiri kumayerekezedwa ndi makumi khumi peresenti. Chifukwa chake, US department of Agriculture ku 1946 idaganiza zakuchuluka kwa zokolola m'mundamu ndi mng'oma umodzi pa hekitala 40%. Ziwerengero zofananazo zidasindikizidwa ndi ofufuza aku Soviet. Koma mu 2011 kuyesa "kosayera" kunachitika ku Uzbekistan, ziwerengerozo zinali zosiyana kwambiri. Mitengo yotalikirana ndi njuchi inapereka zokolola zocheperako poyerekeza ndi mungu wochokera ku njuchi. Zokolola zimasiyanasiyana ngakhale panthambi za mtengo womwewo.
4. Ziwombankhanga zimadya udzudzu, koma udzudzu nthawi zambiri umakhala waukulu kwambiri kwakuti munthu samva mpumulo pakuwonekera kwa agulugufe. Koma m'chigawo cha Barabinskaya (chithaphwi m'zigawo za Omsk ndi Novosibirsk), anthu am'deralo amapita kumunda kapena kumunda kokha ngati gulu la agulugufe limawonekera, lomwe limafalitsa udzudzu.
5. Mdani woopsa wa mbatata, kachilomboka kakang'ono ka Colorado mbatata, adapezeka mu 1824 ku American Rocky Mountains. Chinali cholengedwa chopanda vuto lililonse chomwe chimadyetsa nightshades zakutchire. Ndikukula kwa ulimi, kachilomboka ka Colorado mbatata kanalawa mbatata. Kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1850, lakhala tsoka kwa alimi aku America. Pasanathe zaka khumi ndi theka, kachilomboka kakang'ono ka mbatata ka Colorado kanalowa ku Ulaya. Ku USSR, adamuwona koyamba mu 1949 ku Transcarpathia. Kuukira kwakukulu kwa Soviet Union ndi kachilomboka ka Colorado mbatata kunachitika m'nyengo yotentha, yotentha ya 1958. Makumi ambirimbiri adadutsa malire osati ndi mpweya wokha, komanso panyanja - gombe la Baltic m'chigawo cha Kaliningrad ndi Baltic States linali lodzaza ndi kafadala.
6. Chiswe chimodzi chochepa cha mtundu wa Formica (izi ndi nyerere zofala kwambiri m'nkhalango zowuma) zimawononga tizirombo tambiri tankhalango patsiku. Nkhalango, momwe muli nyerere zambiri zotere, imatetezedwa ndi tizirombo tating'onoting'ono. Ngati pazifukwa zina nyerere zimasamukira kapena kufa - nthawi zambiri chifukwa cha udzu woyaka - tizirombo timaukira mitengo yosadzitchinjiriza mwachangu modabwitsa.
7. Dzombe limawerengedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwa tizilombo tosaopsa kuyambira kale. Maonekedwe a ziwala siowopsa kwa anthu omwe amakumana nawo mwachindunji, koma kuchuluka kwa dzombe kwadzetsa njala mobwerezabwereza. Ambiri, anthu mabiliyoni ambiri, dzombe lambiri limatha kuwononga mayiko athunthu, ndikudya chilichonse chomwe chikuyenda. Ngakhale mitsinje ikuluikulu siyimitsa - mizere yoyamba yamadziwo imamira ndikupanga bwato kwa ena. Gulu la dzombe linayimitsa sitima ndikuwombera ndege. Zifukwa zowonekera kwa ziweto izi zidafotokozedwa mu 1915 ndi wasayansi waku Russia a Boris Uvarov. Adanenanso kuti pakakhala gawo lochulukirapo likadutsa, kukhala mosavulaza kukhala nokha kumasintha makulidwe ndi machitidwe awo, ndikusandulika dzombe lalikulu. Zowona, kulingalira uku sikunathandize kwambiri polimbana ndi dzombe. Njira zothandiza pakuwongolera dzombe zidangowonekera ndikukula kwa umagwirira ndi kuwuluka. Komabe, ngakhale m'zaka za zana la 21, sizotheka kuyimitsa, kukhazikitsa ndi kuwononga dzombe lambiri.
8. Anthu aku Australia, akuyesera kuti apange chinthu china chothandiza mdziko lawo, kangapo adaponda pake. Nkhondo yadzaoneni yomwe ili ndi akalulu sindiyo nkhondo yaku Australia yokha yolimbana ndi mphamvu zachilengedwe. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 19, mtundu wina wamtengo wapatali wa peyala unabweretsedwa kudziko laling'ono kwambiri. Chomeracho chimakonda nyengo yaku Australia. Anthu aku Australia adakonda kukula kwa nkhadze ndi kulimba kwake, ndikupangitsa kukhala mpanda wabwino kwambiri. Komabe, patadutsa zaka makumi angapo, amayenera kulingalira za izi: cacti adabadwa ngati akalulu m'mbuyomu. Komanso, ngakhale zinali zotheka kuwazula, dzikolo linakhalabe lopanda kanthu. Tinayesa onse ma bulldozer ndi herbicides - koma sizinathandize. Adagonjetsa peyala yamtengo wapataliyi mothandizidwa ndi tizilombo. Gulugufe wamoto kaktoblastis adabwera kuchokera ku South America. Mazira a gulugufe uyu adabzalidwa pa cacti, ndipo mzaka zisanu zokha vutoli lidathetsedwa. Chipilala chinaikidwa ngati chizindikiro chothokoza moto.
9. Tizilombo timadyedwa ndi pafupifupi mbalame zonse, ndipo pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mitundu ya mbalame, tizilombo ndiye mtundu wokha wa chakudya. Mwa nsomba zamadzi oyera, 40% yamitunduyo imangodya tizilombo tokha ndi mphutsi zawo. Zinyama zili ndi gulu lonse la tizilombo. Mulinso ma hedgehogs, moles ndi shrews. Pafupifupi mitundu 1,500 ya tizilombo imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya komanso anthu. Kuphatikiza apo, m'maiko osiyanasiyana, tizilombo timeneti titha kuonedwa ngati chakudya cha tsiku ndi tsiku komanso chakudya chokoma modabwitsa. Dzombe limawerengedwa kuti ndi lotsogolera pophika. Chikumbu, ziphuphu ndi mphutsi za agulugufe, njuchi, mavu, nyerere, ziwala ndi njuchi ndizotchuka kwambiri.
10. Ngakhale pali zinthu zambiri zopangira, mitundu ingapo yazinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimapezeka ku tizilombo sizinapezebe zofananira zonse. Izi ndizo, choyamba, silika (silkworm), uchi ndi sera (njuchi) ndi shellac (zinthu zabwino kwambiri zotetezera zomwe zimapezeka ku mitundu ina ya nsabwe za m'masamba).
11. Tizilombo tina ndi tofunika ngati oimba. Kale ku Greece ndi ku Roma, anthu olemera ankasunga ma cicada ambiri mnyumba zawo. Crickets amabadwira ku China, Japan ndi mayiko ena aku Asia. Makandulo oyimba akumasungidwa m'makola ku Italy.
12. Tizilombo tikhoza kusonkhanitsidwa. Agulugufe ndi otchuka kwambiri pankhaniyi. Kukula kwa zopereka zina ndizodabwitsa. Thomas Witt Entomological Museum ili ku Munich. Agulugufe opitilira 10 miliyoni amasungidwa munkhokwe zake. Munjira yosungidwa ya Baron Rothschild, yomwe idaperekedwa ku Britain Museum, panali makope 2.25 miliyoni.
13. Monga zilizonse zotoleredwa, agulugufe amabwera ndi mtengo. Pali akatswiri odziwa gulugufe, mwina kutsatira malangizo ochokera kwa osonkhanitsa kapena kugwira ntchito yosaka mwaulere. Ena a iwo amapita kukafunafuna zitsanzo zosowa ngakhale ku Afghanistan, komwe nkhondo yakhala ikuchitika mzaka zapitazi za 50. Msika wa agulugufe osonkhanitsidwa uli pafupifupi pamithunzi. Nthawi zina zimangomaliza kugulitsidwa, osanenapo mtundu wa agulugufe omwe agulitsidwa - pafupifupi agulugufe onse amatetezedwa ndi malamulo azachilengedwe. Mtengo wapamwamba kwambiri womwe analipira agulugufe ndi $ 26,000. Zimadziwikanso kuti kuyandikira kwa mtengo wa agulugufe ndikofanana ndi kufunikira kwamtengo wa masitampu otoleredwa - makope amawerengedwa omwe amasiyana ndi anzawo - okhala ndi mapiko a mapiko, mitundu "yolakwika", ndi zina zambiri.
14. Chiswe chimatha kumanga nyumba zikuluzikulu. Kutalika kwa chimulu chachikulu cha chiswe chinali ndi mamita 12.8. Kuphatikiza pa gawo lapamwamba, chitunda chilichonse cha chiswe chimakhalanso ndi pansi. Mitundu ina ya chiswe singathe kukhala popanda madzi kwa nthawi yayitali. Chifukwa chake, amakumba maenje akuya kuti akafike kumadzi apansi panthaka. M'mbuyomu, milu ya chiswe m'chipululu imadziwika ngati chisonyezo chakuyandikira kwamadzi apansi. Komabe, kunapezeka kuti chiswe chouma chimatha kulowa pakatikati pa nthaka mpaka kufika mamita 50.
15. Mpaka zaka za zana la makumi awiri mphambu ziwiri, malungo anali matenda oopsa osakhala mliri kwa anthu. Zinayambitsidwa ndi kulumidwa ndi udzudzu wamkazi, momwe zamoyo zam'mimba zamagulu zimalowa m'magazi amunthu. Malungo anali kudwala kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000 BC. e. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 zinali zotheka kudziwa chomwe chimayambitsa matendawa ndi momwe amafalira. Mpaka pano, sizinatheke kupeza katemera wolimbana ndi malungo. Njira yothandiza kwambiri yolimbirana ndi malungo ndikutulutsa zigoba za udzudzu. Izi zidachitika ku USSR, USA ndi mayiko aku Europe. Komabe, m'maiko omwe ali ku equator, maboma alibe ndalama zogwirira ntchito yayikulu, chifukwa chake, lero anthu opitilira theka miliyoni amamwalira ndi malungo amalembedwa pachaka. Matenda omwe Alexander Wamkulu, Genghis Khan, Christopher Columbus, Dante ndi Byron adamwalira, ndipo akupitilizabe kufesa anthu masauzande ambiri.
16. Ntchentche ya Psilopa petroleum, kapena m'malo mwake nyongolotsi yake, ndimakina opanga mafuta ochepa kwambiri. Ntchentcheyi imayika mbozi zake m'matope a mafuta okha. Pakukula, mbozi imatulutsa chakudya m'mafuta, nkuchiwononga m'magawo ofunikira.
17. "Butterfly Effect" ndi mawu asayansi obwerekedwa ndi asayansi kuchokera kwa wolemba nthano za sayansi Ray Bradbury. M'nkhani yake "Ndipo Bingu Lakhala Latsopano," adalongosola momwe kufa kwa gulugufe wina m'mbuyomu kudadzetsa zoopsa mtsogolo. Kwa asayansi, mawuwa adatchuka ndi a Edward Lorenz. Anamanga imodzi mwamafunso ake okhudza funso loti kuphuka kwa mapiko a gulugufe ku Brazil kungayambitse chimphepo ku United States. Mwachidule, mawuwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonetsa kuti ngakhale zovuta zazing'ono kwambiri pamachitidwe osakhazikika omwe angakhalepo zimatha kukhala ndi zotulukapo zazikuluzikulu pagawo lililonse ladzikoli kapena lonse. Mukuzindikira kwamisala, mawu oti "mwina" adasiya tanthauzo, ndipo lingaliro la gulugufe lidasandulika kukhala "chilichonse chimakhudza chilichonse."
18. Mu 1956, wasayansi waku Brazil Warwick Kerr adabweretsa kudziko lake kuchokera ku Africa mafumukazi angapo a njuchi ku Africa. South America sinakhalepo ndi njuchi zake. Anabweretsa a ku Ulaya, koma sanalekerere nyengo yotentha. Lingaliro lowoloka ndi njuchi zamphamvu zaku Africa lidali loyenera, koma zidakwaniritsidwa m'mafilimu otsika mtengo aku America onena za zolakwika zakupha za asayansi omwe amafuna zabwino ... Titawoloka, tinakhala ndi njuchi zamphamvu, zoyipa, zachangu zomwe zili ndi malo abwino mumlengalenga. Kuphatikiza apo, mwina molakwitsa kapena chifukwa chakunyalanyaza, zosintha zatsopanozo zidamasulidwa. Alimi aku Brazil ndi alimi, omwe anazolowera njuchi zawo zaulesi, adadabwitsidwa ndi obwera kumene, omwe adazunza anthu omwe sanakonde mwachangu kwambiri, ndipo gulu lowukira linali lalikulu kwambiri kuposa njuchi za "komweko". Anthu ambiri ndi ziweto mazana anaphedwa. Malingaliro a Pulofesa Kerr mwachangu adathamangitsa njuchi zakomweko ndikuyamba kufalikira ngati kufalikira kumpoto, kukafika ku United States. Popita nthawi, adaphunzira kuwayang'anira, ndipo Brazil idakhala mtsogoleri wadziko lonse pakupanga uchi. Ndipo kutchuka kokayikitsa kwa yemwe adapanga njuchi zakupha kunamatira kwa Kerr.
19. Tizilombo takhala tikudziwika ndi anthu kuyambira kalekale, motero sizosadabwitsa kuti anthu azindikira mankhwala a zina mwa izo. Ubwino wa uchi, njoka ndi phula zimadziwika bwino. Mafinya a nyerere amachiza nyamakazi. Aborigine aku Australia amapanga imodzi mwa nyerere ngati tiyi, yomwe amagwiritsa ntchito kuthawa mutu waching'alang'ala. Mabala owola adachiritsidwa ndikusiya mphutsi mwa iwo - adadya minofu yomwe idakhudzidwa. Webusayiti idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chovala chosabereka.
20. Zomera wamba zimatha mungu wochokera ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tizirombo. Mavwende ndi miphukira zimanyamula tizilombo 147 tosiyanasiyana, clover - 105, nyemba zamaluwa - 47, apulo - 32. Koma pali olamulira apamwamba muulamuliro wazomera. Angrakum sequipedala orchid imakula pachilumba cha Madagascar. Maluwa ake ndi ozama kwambiri kotero kuti ndi mtundu umodzi wokha wa agulugufe omwe angafikire timadzi tokoma - Macrosila morgani. Mumagulugufe awa, nyamayi imatha kutalika masentimita 35.
