Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592) - Wolemba ku France komanso wafilosofi wazaka zaposachedwa, wolemba buku la "Experiments". Woyambitsa mtundu wankhaniyi.
Pali zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Montaigne, zomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, musanakhale ndi mbiri yayifupi ya Michel de Montaigne.
Mbiri ya Montaigne
Michel de Montaigne adabadwa pa February 28, 1533 mumzinda waku France wa Saint-Michel-de-Montaigne. Anakulira m'banja la Meya wa Bordeaux a Pierre Eckem ndi a Antoinette de Lopez, omwe adachokera kubanja lolemera lachiyuda.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Abambo afilosofi anali okhudzidwa kwambiri polera mwana wawo wamwamuna, yemwe adakhazikitsidwa ndi dongosolo laufulu-umunthu wopangidwa ndi Montaigne wamkuluyo.
Michel analinso ndi mthandizi yemwe analibe lamulo lachifalansa. Zotsatira zake, mphunzitsiyo amalankhula ndi mnyamatayo mchilatini chokha, momwe mwanayo adakwanitsira kuphunzira chilankhulochi. Kudzera mwa zoyesayesa za abambo ake ndi othandizira, Montaigne adalandira maphunziro apamwamba kunyumba ali mwana.
Posakhalitsa Michel adalowa ku koleji ndi digiri ya zamalamulo. Kenako adakhala wophunzira ku University of Toulouse, komwe adaphunzira zamalamulo ndi filosofi. Nditamaliza maphunziro ake ku sekondale, anayamba chidwi kwambiri ndale, chifukwa cha zomwe anafuna kuchita nawo moyo wake wonse.
Pambuyo pake, Montaigne adapatsidwa udindo wokhala mlangizi ku nyumba yamalamulo. Monga khothi wa Charles 11, adatenga nawo gawo pozinga Rouen ndipo adapatsidwa Mphotho ya St. Michael.
Mabuku ndi filosofi
M'madera ambiri Michel de Montaigne adayesetsa kukhala wokhulupirika m'magulu komanso malingaliro osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, sanatenge mbali m'zandale pankhani ya Tchalitchi cha Katolika ndi Ahuguenot, omwe anali nkhondo zachipembedzo pakati pawo.
Wafilosofi anali kulemekezedwa kwambiri ndi anthu ambiri andale komanso andale. Amalemberana ndi olemba otchuka komanso oganiza bwino, akukambirana mitu ingapo yayikulu.
Montaigne anali munthu wanzeru komanso wanzeru, zomwe zimamupangitsa kuti alembe. Mu 1570 adayamba kugwira ntchito pa ntchito yake yotchuka Yoyeserera. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti mutu wovomerezeka wa bukuli ndi "Essays", womwe umamasuliridwa kuti "zoyeserera" kapena "zoyesera".
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti Michel ndiye woyamba kutulutsa mawu oti "nkhani", zomwe olemba ena adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito.
Zaka khumi pambuyo pake, gawo loyambirira la "Zoyesera" lidasindikizidwa, lomwe lidatchuka kwambiri pakati pa ophunzira ophunzira. Posakhalitsa Montaigne adapita ulendo, akuyendera mayiko ambiri aku Europe.
Patapita nthawi, woganiza uja adadziwa kuti adasankhidwa kukhala meya wa Bordeaux osakhalapo, zomwe sizinamusangalatse konse. Atafika ku France, adadabwa kuti sangatule pansi udindo. Ngakhale King Henry III adamutsimikizira izi.
Mkati mwa nkhondo yapachiweniweni, Michel de Montaigne anayesetsa kuyanjanitsa Ahuguenot ndi Akatolika. Ntchito yake idalandiridwa ndi mbali zonse ziwiri, ndichifukwa chake mbali zonse ziwiri adayesetsa kutanthauzira mokomera iwo.
Panthawiyo, zolemba za Montaigne zidafalitsa ntchito zatsopano, komanso zidasinthiratu zomwe zidachitika kale. Zotsatira zake, "Zoyesera" zidayamba kukhala zokambirana pamitu yosiyanasiyana. Kusindikiza kwachitatu kwa bukuli kunali ndi zolemba zaulendo paulendo wa wolemba ku Italy.
Kuti afalitse, wolemba adakakamizidwa kuti apite ku Paris, komwe adamangidwa mu Bastille yotchuka. Michel akukayikiridwa kuti akugwirizana ndi Ahuguenot, zomwe zitha kumuwononga. Mfumukazi, a Catherine de 'Medici, adapembedzera mwamunayo, pambuyo pake adakakhala kunyumba yamalamulo komanso mozungulira anthu oyandikira Henry waku Navarre.
Zomwe sayansi ya Montaigne adachita ndi ntchito yake ndizovuta kuzifotokoza. Ichi chinali chitsanzo choyamba cha kafukufuku wamaganizidwe omwe sankagwirizana ndi zolembedwa zamtundu wanthawi imeneyo. Zochitika kuchokera ku mbiri yaumwini ya woganiza idalumikizidwa ndi zokumana nazo komanso malingaliro pa chibadwa chaumunthu.
Lingaliro lafilosofi la Michel de Montaigne limatha kudziwika ngati kukayika kwamtundu wapadera, womwe uli pafupi ndi chikhulupiriro chowona. Anati kudzikonda ndicho chifukwa chachikulu chomwe anthu amachitira zinthu. Nthawi yomweyo, wolemba adachita kudzikonda mwachizolowezi ndipo adatinso ndikofunikira kuti munthu akhale wachimwemwe.
Kupatula apo, ngati munthu ayamba kutengera mavuto a ena pafupi ndi mtima wake monga ake, ndiye kuti sangakhale wosangalala. Montaigne adalankhula zoyipa zakunyada, ndikukhulupirira kuti munthuyo sangathe kudziwa chowonadi chenicheni.
Wafilosofiyo anawona kufunafuna chisangalalo kukhala cholinga chachikulu m'miyoyo ya anthu. Kuphatikiza apo, adapempha chilungamo - munthu aliyense ayenera kupatsidwa zomwe akuyenera. Anasamaliranso kwambiri maphunziro.
Malinga ndi Montaigne, mwa ana, choyambirira, ndikofunikira kukulitsa umunthu, ndiye kuti, kukulitsa kuthekera kwawo kwamaganizidwe ndi mikhalidwe yaumunthu, osati kuwapanga okha madotolo, maloya kapena atsogoleri achipembedzo. Nthawi yomweyo, aphunzitsi ayenera kuthandiza mwana kusangalala ndi moyo komanso kupirira zovuta zonse.
Moyo waumwini
Michel de Montaigne adakwatirana ali ndi zaka 32. Analandira choloŵa chachikulu, popeza mkazi wake anachokera kubanja lolemera. Patatha zaka 3, abambo ake anamwalira, chifukwa chake mnyamatayo adalandira cholowa.
Mgwirizanowu udachita bwino, chifukwa chikondi ndi kumvana pakati pa okwatirana zidalamulira. Banjali linali ndi ana ambiri, koma onse, kupatula mwana wamkazi m'modzi, adamwalira ali mwana kapena wachinyamata.
Mu 157, Montaigne adagulitsa udindo wake woweruza ndikupuma pantchito. M'zaka zotsatira za mbiri yake, adayamba kuchita zomwe amakonda, popeza anali ndi ndalama zokhazikika.
Michel amakhulupirira kuti ubale pakati pa mwamuna ndi mkazi wake uyenera kukhala waubwenzi, ngakhale atasiya kukondana. Mofananamo, okwatirana ayenera kusamalira thanzi la ana awo, kuyesera kuwapatsa zonse zomwe akufuna.
Imfa
Michel de Montaigne adamwalira pa Seputembara 13, 1592 ali ndi zaka 59, ndi zilonda zapakhosi. Madzulo a imfa yake, adapempha kuti achite Misa, pomwe adamwalira.
Zithunzi za Montaigne
