Ngakhale mitundu yochepa yafotokozedwa, mbawala ndizosiyana kwambiri. Komabe, kuyanjana koyamba ndi liwu loti "gwape" mwa anthu ambiri kudzakhala mphalapala kapena gwape wofiira - thumba lakutali lokhala ndi nyanga, maso akulu, komanso kuthawirapo kutali ndi ngozi m'kuphethira kwa diso.
Kwa zaka zikwizikwi, agwape akhala gwero la chakudya ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana kwa anthu. Kumapeto kwa nthawi yachisanu, anthu adasamukira kumpoto kutsatira gulu la mphalapala. Mofulumira mokwanira, munthu adaphunzira kuwongolera machitidwe a nswala m'njira yoyenera, kuti iwapite kumalo oyenera kuphera kapena kutchera misampha.
Tiyenera kunena kuti mzaka zambiri zapitazi, machitidwe a agwape sanasinthe. Pakakhala ngozi, mbawala imathawa ndi mphamvu zawo zonse kutsata komwe kukuyambitsa ngozi ngakhale pano. Mwachidziwikire, ngati sichinali chiweto choyambirira, mbawala zikanangophedwa ngati nyama zina zambiri. Asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti mphalapala ndi nyama yachiwiri yowetedwa ndi munthu, pambuyo pa galu.
Ng'ombe zam'mimba ndizodzichepetsa chifukwa cha zakunja ndi chakudya, zimasinthasintha kusintha kwanyengo ndipo, kupatula momwe zimakhalira, sizikuwonetsa nkhanza zilizonse. Mutha kuzikwera (ngati kukula kwa nswala kulola), kunyamula katundu m'mapaketi kapena pamipanda. Kwa anthu ambiri okhala ku Far North, kuswana kwa mphalapala ndi njira yopulumukira. Reindeer amapereka pogona, zovala, nsapato, ndi chakudya chomwe chimakhala ndi mavitamini ndi michere. Ngati sichinali cha nswala, madera akulu akumpoto kwa Eurasia ndi America akadasiyidwa tsopano.
Ku Europe, anthu adafafaniza nswala pafupifupi pafupifupi kuyeretsa kwathunthu, kenako adatcha nyamayi "yolemekezeka" kapena "yachifumu" ndikuyamba kuilemekeza mwamphamvu. Pamwamba pamwamba pa olemekezeka okha ndiomwe adaloledwa kusaka kukongola kwamanyanga. Mbawala akhala olemekezeka pakati pa nyama - aliyense amadziwa kuti zilipo, koma owerengeka adaziwona m'malo awo achilengedwe. Tsopano mwayi weniweni wowona gulu la agwape amaperekedwa mukamapita kudera la Chernobyl. Kumeneko, popanda kukhalapo kwa anthu, agwape, monga nyama zina, amamva bwino ngakhale atakhala ndi ma radioactive angapo komanso ochepa.
1. Magombe a Volga, Don ndi mitsinje yaying'ono ili ndi mafupa a nswala. Alenje akale ankasaka nyama zambiri, ndipo ankayendetsa ziweto zonse kupita m'zigwa kapena kukakamiza nyama kuti zigwere kuphompho. Kuphatikiza apo, kuweruza ndi kuchuluka kwa mafupa, kuwonongedwa kwakukulu kwa nswala pamalo omwewo kunkachitika mobwerezabwereza. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, sizinakhudze zizolowezi za agwape: nyamazo zimasochera mosavuta kukhala ziweto zowongoleredwa.
2. Kufukula komwe kunachitika ku Denmark, Sweden komanso ku Peninsula ya Karelian kukuwonetsa kuti zaka zosachepera 4,000 zapitazo anthu anali kuweta mphalapala m'malo otchingidwa kapena anasunga gulu la ziweto kuti adzawagwiritse ntchito mtsogolo. Pamiyalayo, zojambula zasungidwa, momwe nswala zimapezeka bwino kumbuyo kwa mtundu wina wamakola kapena mpanda.
3. Mkaka wa mphalapala ndi mankhwala abwino komanso opatsa thanzi. Ponena za mafuta, amafanana ndi zonona zopanda mafuta, ndipo mafutawa amalowetsedwa bwino ndi thupi la munthu. Palinso calcium yambiri mumkaka wa mphalapala. Mkaka wa reindeer mkaka umakonda komanso mawonekedwe ngati ghee ochokera mkaka wa ng'ombe. Abusa amakono a ku Lappish aku Sweden aku Lappish nthawi yomweyo amasiyanitsa ana amphongo ndi amayi awo ndikuwapatsa mkaka wa mbuzi - mphalapala ndiokwera mtengo kwambiri. Pachifukwa ichi, mbuzi zimawetedwa pafupi ndi nswala.
4. Kuweta agwape ku Russia kudayamba, makamaka ku Northern Urals. Pali njira zosamuka za mphalapala ndi zinthu zokwanira zomangira zolembera za nyama zomwe zalandidwa. Kuli zitsamba zochepa kwambiri kumpoto ndi kum'mawa, motero kuweta unyinji kunali kovuta.
5. Ulimi wa mphalapala poyamba unali wonyamula paketi - agwape anali ngati fanizo la mahatchi kumadera ena akumwera. Pomwe kukula kwa Russia kumpoto chakum'mawa kunayamba, a Nenets adagwiritsa ntchito nyama zoweta ngati gulu la anthu wamba, komanso anthu ankakwera pamahatchi ndikunyamula katundu m'maphukusi. Pamene mbawala zimasamukira kummawa, kunalibe masamba ochepa omwe amakhala ngati chakudya cha mbawala. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, mtunduwo unayamba kuchepa, ndipo anthu adasiya kusiya kukwera ndi kumanga nyamazi.
6. Njira zosiyanasiyana zinagwiritsidwira ntchito posaka agwape, kuyambira zopingasa mpaka maukonde akulu. Kwenikweni, sizimasiyana ndi njira zopezera nyama zina, koma sizigwira nyama zina ndi maukonde pamtunda. Kukula kwa nsombazi kumasonyezedwa ndi mfundo yakuti pofuna kupanga ukonde kuchokera ku zikopa za agwape, panafunika agwape 50. Ma netiweki omwe adatulukapo anali okwera mita 2.5 ndi mpaka 2 kilomita kutalika. Kuphatikiza apo, ma network angapo, ochokera m'mabanja osiyanasiyana, adalumikizidwa kukhala amodzi.
7. Anthu akumpoto sanabereke mphalapala za nyama ndi zikopa chifukwa chamoyo wabwino. Pomwe gulu laku Russia "limakumana ndi dzuwa", pang'onopang'ono, ngakhale anali okonda ufulu, adabweretsedwa "m'manja mwa mfumu" ndikukakamizidwa kupereka msonkho - yasak. Poyamba, kulipira kwake sikunali kovuta - kunali koyenera kupereka zikopa zingapo za nyama zobala ubweya pachaka. Komabe, atayamba kupha nyama zonyamula ubweya ku Trans-Urals, anthu amtunduwu adayenera kudzipanganso msonkho - sanathe kupikisana ndi osaka alendo okhala ndi zida zankhondo. Ndinayenera kuyamba kulima nswala, kugulitsa zikopa ndi nyama, ndikulipira msonkho ndalama.
8. Ng'ombe yaiwisi yaiwisi ndi magazi ndi mankhwala abwino kwambiri a khungu. Pakati pa anthu omwe amabzala nswala, matendawa sakudziwika, ngakhale samadya masamba ndi zipatso - anthu amapeza mavitamini ndi ma microelements oyenera, komanso m'njira yosavuta kugaya magazi a nswala.
9. Njere, zomwe zimadziwika kuti "mphalapala", ndi chakudya chokhacho cha mphalapala m'nyengo yozizira (komabe, imakhala pafupifupi miyezi isanu ndi iwiri m'malo omwe mphalapala zimakhala). M'kanthawi kochepa kotentha, mbawala zimadya mwakhama pafupifupi masamba aliwonse omwe amapezeka mumtambo.
10. Nyama yamphongo yamphongo mu Okutobala - Novembala, nthawi imeneyi amatchedwa "rut". Amuna asanakwatirane mwamphamvu amamenyera nkhondo akazi. Mimba imatenga miyezi 7.5, koma nthawi imatha kusiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, a Nenets amakhulupirira kuti akazi omwe amatumizidwa kumayambiliro amtunduwu, komanso omwe amakhala ndi mwana wamwamuna, amakhala ndi pakati yomwe imatha miyezi yopitilira 8. Ng'ombe zili pamapazi mkati mwa theka la ola atabadwa. Kudyetsa mkaka kumatenga miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, komabe, kale m'masabata oyamba amoyo, ng'ombe zimayamba kubinya amadyera.
11. Nthawi yokhayo yomwe mbawala imakhala yoopsa kwa anthu ndi yovuta. Khalidwe la amuna anyanga limakhala losayembekezereka ndipo mokwiya amatha kupondaponda munthu. Agalu amapulumutsa - amadziwa kulosera zamachitidwe a mbawala, ndipo pakawopsa mbusa, amayamba kuwukira. Ngati galu sanathandize, pali chinthu chimodzi chokha chomwe chatsala - kukwera mwala wapamwamba wapafupi. Anthu onse akumpoto ali ndi nthano zonena za momwe nyamayi yopanda maliseche idakhalira pamwala kwanthawi yayitali, kuthawa mphalapala zopenga.
12. Mimbulu yotchuka - yopanda ossified ya mphalapala za mphalapala, zodula mpaka $ 250 pa kilogalamu - zimadulidwa ku nswala mu Julayi, pomwe sizibweretsedwa kumadyetsera chilimwe. Nyamazi zimamangiriridwa ku gulaye, mphalapala zimamangiriridwa kumunsi, ndipo nyerere zimadulidwa ndi mbewa. Njira ya nswala ndi yopweteka kwambiri, chifukwa chake amayesetsa kuzichita mwachangu momwe angathere. Kumbali ya nyerere, mphalapala ndi apadera. Mwa mitundu 51 ya mphalapala, ndi mphalapala zokha zomwe zimakhala ndi mphalapala zaimuna ndi zazikazi. Mu mitundu yambiri yambiri, nyanga ndi gawo la amuna. Madzi am'madzi okha ndi omwe alibe ziphuphu.
13. Ng'ombe zanyama sizinaphedwe, koma zinapachikidwa (kupatula a Laplanders - amangogwiritsa ntchito mpeni). Anthu awiri amamanga kansalu pakhosi la nyamayo, ndipo pakatha mphindi 5, nyama imamwalira. Kenako khungu limachotsedwa, ndipo matumbo amatulutsidwa. Iyi ndi ntchito ya amuna. Kenako m'mimba mwa nswala mumadzaza ndi chiwindi ndi impso zodulidwa bwino komanso nyama zonona kwambiri. Kenako aliyense amamwa kapu yamagazi ndikuyamba kudya. Kudula nyama kumachitika ndi akazi okhaokha. Ng'ombe zimamenyedwa mwachikhalidwe - kumenya kumbuyo kwa mutu ndi chinthu cholemera.
14. Mbawala imatha kutenga matenda ambiri kuyambira brucellosis mpaka anthrax. Ku Soviet Union, panali njira zopewera, minda yamphongo idaperekedwa ndi akatswiri a ziweto omwe amagawana chidziwitso ndi mankhwala ndi obereketsa mphalapala. Tsopano dongosololi likuwonongedwa, koma chidziwitso chadutsa kuchokera kwa bambo kupita kwa mwana. Necrobacteriosis imathandizidwa bwino ndi nswala, ndipo nyama zimalandira katemera. Katemera wofunikira kwambiri amatsutsana ndi tiziromboti. Zitha kuchitika mu Seputembala, chifukwa chake Ogasiti ndiye nthawi yovuta kwambiri kwa mphalapala. Zikopa za nswala zowala zomwe zaphedwa panthawiyi zimawoneka ngati sefa ndipo sizikhala zoyenera nthawi zonse ngakhale zofunda Agulugufe amamenyedwa ndi timitengo pa zikopa za nyambo komanso molunjika pa nswala, koma njirayi siyothandiza - pali ntchentche zambiri ndipo zimakhazikika.
Kuwonongeka kwa kulumidwa kwa gadfly kumaonekera bwino
15. Zinyama zonse zamphongo nthawi zonse zimasowa mchere, motero chithandizo chabwino kwa iwo ndi chisanu choviikidwa mumkodzo, makamaka mkodzo wa agalu. Kwa chisanu chotere, ndewu zazikulu zimachitika mpaka kutayika kwa nyanga.
16. Kukula kwa mphalapala kumadalira kwambiri malo okhala, chakudya ndi mikhalidwe. Pafupifupi, mbawala zoweta ndizochepera 20% kuposa anzawo akutchire. Zomwezo, nawonso, amakula kukula kumwera - nswala zaku Far East zitha kuwirikiza kawiri kukula kwa nswala zomwe zimakhala ku Far North. Nyama yamphongo yaying'ono imatha kulemera makilogalamu 70 - 80, zitsanzo zazikulu kwambiri za nswala zofiira sizikwanira 300 kg.
17. Chifukwa chonyadira umunthu wawo, malamulo achifwamba achingerezi poyambirira adalankhula za kusaka nyama zamphongo m'nkhalango zachifumu m'malo mofatsa - olakwa akuyenera kuchititsidwa khungu ndi kudzitema. Pambuyo pake, izi zidakonzedwa, ndipo omwe ali ndi mlandu wofuna kuyesa chuma chamfumu adatumizidwa pamtengo. Ndipo "Killing the Sacred Deer" ndi kanema wopanda nswala, koma ndi Colin Farrell, Nicole Kidman ndi Alicia Silverstone. Chiwembucho chimachokera pa tsoka la a Euripides "Iphigenia ku Aulis", momwe King Agemnemon, potetezera tchimo lakupha mwana wamkazi wamkazi wopatulika, adakakamizidwa kupha mwana wake wamkazi.
18. Mphoyozi zimalemekezedwa kwambiri Kummawa. Amakhulupirira kuti Shakya Muni m'modzi mwa kubadwanso kwake anali nswala, ndipo Buddha adafotokoza ziphunzitso zake ku Deer Grove koyamba atawunikiridwa. Ku Japan, agwape amawerengedwa ngati nyama yopatulika, monga ng'ombe ku India. Mbawala, komwe zimapezeka, zimayendayenda m'misewu momasuka kapena zimangodya m'mapaki. Ku likulu lakale la Japan, Naru, nswala kwenikweni zimayenda mwa ziweto. Amaloledwa kuwadyetsa kumeneko ndi mabisiketi apadera komanso tsoka kwa alendo omwe mosazindikira mosanyinyirika amaponyera chikwama cha mabisiketi! Zolengedwa khumi ndi ziwiri zokongola zidzathamangira kwa iye. Sangang'amba thumba lamabisiketi okha, komanso zovala ndi zinthu za omwe adalandira mwayi wawo. Mutha kuthawa ndi kuthawa, mutaponya kale chikwama.
19. Elk nayenso ndi mbawala. M'malo mwake, nthumwi yayikulu kwambiri ya banja la agwape - kulemera kwake kumatha kupitilira 600 kg. Zazing'ono kwambiri ndi nswala za pudu zomwe zimakhala kumwera kwa Chile. Amakhala ngati akalulu okhala ndi nyanga - kutalika mpaka 30 cm, kulemera mpaka 10 kg.
20. Mphoyozi zimazolowera bwino malo awo. Adabadwa bwino ku Australia, New Zealand, Caribbean komanso pachilumba cha New Guinea, komwe ngakhale nyengo yam'malo otentha sikunalepheretse izi.
21. Mbawala ili ndi adani ochepa achilengedwe. Choyambirira, awa ndi, mimbulu. Sizowopsa chifukwa amatha kuthana ndi mbawala yayikulu yokha. Mimbulu, mosiyana ndi malingaliro ambiri okhudzana ndi kulanda nyama mwachilengedwe, imapha osati chakudya chokha, komanso masewera. Wolverines ndiowopsa kwa achinyamata komanso ofooka. Chimbalangondo chimatha kupha mbawala yopusa komanso yosasamala ikafika pafupi pamtsinje.
22. Kusaka mbawala si chisangalalo chotchipa. Munthawi yosaka, mitengo imachokera ku ma ruble 35,000 a nswala ya chaka chimodzi mpaka 250,000 yamwamuna wamkulu. Akazi amapita kawiri - simungathe kuwapha, koma ngati izi zichitika, mudzayenera kulipira zomwe zaphedwa, ndikulipira chindapusa cha 70 - 80,000 rubles.
23. Ngati Santa Claus amayenda ndi ma skis kapena mahatchi atatu, ndiye kuti Santa Claus akukwera pa 9 reindeer. Poyamba, kuyambira 1823, pomwe ndakatulo "Ulendo wa St. Nicholas" idalembedwa, panali mphalapala 8. Mu 1939 anawonjezeranso mphalapala wofiira Rudolph, akuwunikira msewu ndi mphuno yake. Mbawala zotsalazo zilinso ndi mayina awo, ndipo zimasiyana mmaiko ndi dziko. Mwachitsanzo, nswala, yomwe amatchedwa "Mphezi" ku Germany, amatchedwa "Eclair" ku France komanso gawo lolankhula Chifalansa ku Canada.
24. Zakudya zamphesa zam'chitini zopangidwa ndi Nenets zimatchedwa kopalchem. Njira yopangira zinthu ndiyosavuta. Gwape wokhala ndi khungu lonse (chofunikira!) Amanyongedwa ndikutsitsidwa kukhala dambo. Madzi okhala ndi dambo nthawi zonse amakhala ozizira kwambiri, chifukwa chake nyama yakumbulu, ngati ili m'thumba lopangidwa ndi khungu lake, imawola pang'onopang'ono. Komabe, m'miyezi ingapo zokoma za Nenets zakonzeka. Mtembo wachotsedwa m'dambo ndikuphedwa. Nyama ndi mafuta owola omwe adatuluka chifukwa chaimfa amakhala achisanu, amadulidwa magawo ang'onoang'ono, ndikudya momwe amagawira. Ndi anthu ammudzi okha omwe amadya! Matupi awo kwazaka zambiri (ndipo chizolowezi chophika kopalchem sichichepera zaka chikwi) adazolowera ziphe za cadaveric, zomwe ndizokwanira mchakudyachi. Munthu wosakonzekera akhoza kuyesa Copalhem kamodzi kokha, pambuyo pake adzafa ndi zowawa zoyipa.
25. Mdziko lamasewera, "nswala" ndi wosewera yemwe saganizira zotsatira zamachitidwe ake, makamaka ngati zotsatirazi zingakhudze osewera a timu yake. Mwa olemekezeka, "nswala" ndi munthu wolemekezeka komanso wanzeru, wokonzeka kusiya zofuna zake chifukwa cha ulemu pakumvetsetsa kwake. Chitsanzo chabwino ndi Athos ochokera ku The Three Musketeers. Ku gulu lankhondo laku Soviet, "mphalapala" poyamba amatchedwa oimira mayiko akumpoto omwe samadziwa bwino Chirasha. Pambuyo pake, lingaliroli lidafalikira pagulu lankhondo laling'ono. Mawuwa analiponso m'nyamata wachinyamata, koma sanathenso kutanthauza kuti: "mbawala" ndi munthu amene samvetsa nkhaniyi. Tsopano samagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri pakumenyana pamatsutso monga "Iwe ndiwe nswala, ndine mmbulu!"
