Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) - Wolemba ku Germany, woimba, wochititsa komanso mphunzitsi wanyimbo.
Wolemba nyimbo zoposa 1000 zolembedwa m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nthawi yake. Wachiprotestanti wolimba, adapanga nyimbo zambiri zauzimu.
Pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Johann Bach, yomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, musanakhale ndi mbiri yayifupi ya Johann Sebastian Bach.
Bach mbiri
Johann Sebastian Bach adabadwa pa Marichi 21 (31), 1685 mumzinda waku Germany wa Eisenach. Anakulira ndipo adaleredwa m'banja la woyimba Johann Ambrosius Bach ndi mkazi wake Elisabeth Lemmerhirt. Iye anali womaliza mwa ana 8 a makolo ake.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Mafumu a Bach adadziwika chifukwa chakuimba kuyambira koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 16, chifukwa chake makolo ndi abale ake a Johann anali akatswiri ojambula.
Abambo a Bach adapanga zokonza zokhala ndi moyo ndikuimba nyimbo zampingo.
Ndizosadabwitsa kuti ndiye yemwe adakhala mphunzitsi woyamba wa nyimbo kwa mwana wake. Kuyambira ali mwana, Johann anali kuimba nawo kwaya ndipo anasonyeza chidwi chachikulu pa luso la nyimbo.
Vuto loyamba mu mbiri ya wolemba mtsogolo lidachitika ali ndi zaka 9, pomwe amayi ake adamwalira. Chaka chotsatira, bambo ake anali atamwalira, ndichifukwa chake mchimwene wake wamkulu Johann Christoph, yemwe ankagwira ntchito yoimba, analeredwa ndi Johann.
Pambuyo pake a Johann Sebastian Bach adalowa m'malo ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi. Nthawi yomweyo, mchimwene wake adamuphunzitsa kusewera clavier ndi limba. Mnyamatayo ali ndi zaka 15, adapitiliza maphunziro ake kusukulu yophunzitsa mawu, komwe adaphunzira zaka zitatu.
Munthawi yamoyo wake, Bach adasanthula ntchito za olemba nyimbo ambiri, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti ayesetse kulemba nyimbo. Ntchito zake zoyambirira zidalembedwa kuti organ ndi clavier.
Nyimbo
Atamaliza maphunziro awo kusukulu yasekondale mu 1703, a Johann Sebastian adapeza ntchito yoyimba milandu ku Duke Johann Ernst.
Chifukwa cha kusewera kwake kwa vayolini, adapeza kutchuka mu mzindawu. Posakhalitsa adatopa ndikusangalatsa olemekezeka ndi akuluakulu osiyanasiyana pamasewera ake.
Pofuna kupitiliza kukulitsa luso lake la kulenga, Bach adavomera kutenga gawo laukadaulo m'matchalitchi amodzi. Osewera masiku atatu okha pa sabata, adalandira malipiro abwino kwambiri, omwe adamupatsa mwayi wopanga nyimbo ndikukhala moyo wopanda nkhawa.
Munthawi imeneyi ya mbiri yake, Sebastian Bach adalemba nyimbo zambiri. Komabe, ubale wolakwika ndi akuluakulu am'deralo udamukakamiza kuti achoke mzindawu patatha zaka zitatu. Makamaka, azipembedzo adamutsutsa chifukwa chakuchita bwino kwatsopano kwa miyambo yopatulika, komanso chifukwa chololeza mzindawo mosaloledwa.
Mu 1706 Johann Bach adapemphedwa kukagwira ntchito ngati walimba ku Tchalitchi cha St. Blaise ku Mühluhausen. Anayamba kumulipira ndalama zowonjezerapo, ndipo luso la oyimba akumaloko linali lokwera kwambiri kuposa kachisi wakale.
Akuluakulu amzindawu komanso atchalitchi adakondwera kwambiri ndi Bach. Kuphatikiza apo, adagwirizana zobwezeretsa ziwalo zampingo, ndikugawa ndalama zambiri pazifukwa izi, komanso adamulipiritsa chindapusa chachikulu polemba cantata "Ambuye ndiye Mfumu Yanga."
Ndipo patadutsa chaka chimodzi, a Johann Sebastian Bach adachoka ku Mühluhausen, kubwerera ku Weimar. Mu 1708 adatenga udindo wokhala woweruza, ndikulandila malipiro ochulukirapo pantchito yake. Panthawiyi ya mbiri yake, luso lake lolemba lidafika m'mawa.
Bach adalemba zolemba zambiri za clavier ndi orchestral, adaphunzira mwachidwi ntchito za Vivaldi ndi Corelli, komanso adziwa kayendedwe kabwino ndi mapulani a harmonic.
Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, Duke Johann Ernst adamubweretsera zambiri kuchokera kunja ndi olemba aku Italiya, omwe adatsegula mawonekedwe atsopano a Sebastian.
Bach anali ndi zofunikira zonse pantchito yopindulitsa, poganizira kuti anali ndi mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito oimba a Duke. Posakhalitsa adayamba kugwira ntchito mu Book of Organ, mndandanda wamayimbidwe oyimba. Pofika nthawiyo, mwamunayo anali atadziwika kale ngati katswiri wazaluso komanso woimba zeze.
Mu mbiri yolenga ya Bach, nkhani yosangalatsa imadziwika yomwe idamuchitikira nthawi imeneyo. Mu 1717 woimba wotchuka waku France Louis Marchand adabwera ku Dresden. Wokonza konsati wakomweko adaganiza zokonza mpikisano pakati pa ma virtuosos awiriwa, omwe onse adagwirizana.
Komabe, "duel" yemwe wakhala akuyembekezeredwa kwanthawi yayitali sizinachitike. Marchand, yemwe adamva sewero la Johann Bach dzulo lake ndipo adawopa kulephera, adachoka ku Dresden mwachangu. Zotsatira zake, Sebastian adakakamizidwa kusewera yekha pamaso pa omvera, akuwonetsa magwiridwe ake a virtuoso.
Mu 1717 Bach adaganiza zosintha malo ake antchito, koma wolamulira sanalole wopanga wokondedwa wake kuti apite ndipo ngakhale anamumanga kwakanthawi kuti apemphe kuti atule pansi udindo. Ndipo komabe, adayenera kuvomereza ndi kuchoka kwa Johann Sebastian.
Kumapeto kwa chaka chomwecho, Bach adatenga udindo wa Kapellmeister ndi Kalonga wa Anhalt-Ketensky, yemwe amamvetsetsa zambiri za nyimbo. Kalonga amasilira ntchito yake, chifukwa chake amamulipira ndalama zambiri ndikumulola kuti asinthe.
Munthawi imeneyi, a Johann Bach adalemba wolemba Brandenburg Concertos yotchuka komanso yoyenda bwino ya Clavier. Mu 1723 adapeza ntchito ngati cantor wa kwaya ya St. Thomas ku tchalitchi cha Leipzig.
Nthawi yomweyo, omvera adamva ntchito yabwino kwambiri ya Bach "Passion for John". Posakhalitsa adakhala "woyang'anira nyimbo" m'matchalitchi onse amzindawu. Pazaka 6 ku Leipzig, mwamunayo adafalitsa ma cantata asanu, omwe awiri mwa iwo sanapulumuke mpaka pano.
Kuphatikiza apo, a Johann Sebastian Bach analemba zolemba. M'chaka cha 1729 anapatsidwa udindo wotsogolera Collegium of Music - gulu loyimba ladziko.
Pakadali pano, Bach adalemba "Coffee Cantata" ndi "Mass in B minor", yomwe imawerengedwa kuti ndi ntchito yabwino kwambiri yamakwaya padziko lonse lapansi. Pogwira ntchito zauzimu, adalemba "Mass Mass in B minor" ndi "St. Matthew Passion", atalandira ulemu wa wolemba nyimbo ku Royal Polish komanso Saxon.
Mu 1747 Bach adalandira chiitano kuchokera kwa mfumu ya Prussian Frederick II. Wolamulirayo adapempha wolemba nyimbo kuti achite bwino pogwiritsa ntchito sewero la nyimbo lomwe akufuna.
Zotsatira zake, maestro nthawi yomweyo analemba fugue yamawu atatu, yomwe pambuyo pake adawonjezeranso kusiyanasiyana pamutuwu. Adatcha kayendetsedweko kuti "Kupereka Nyimbo", pambuyo pake adakapereka ngati mphatso kwa mfumu.
Pazaka zambiri za mbiri yake yolenga, a Johann Sebastian Bach alemba zidutswa zoposa 1000, zambiri zomwe zikuwonetsedwa m'malo akulu kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Moyo waumwini
Kumapeto kwa 1707, woimbayo adakwatirana ndi msuweni wake wachiwiri Maria Barbara. Muukwatiwu, banjali linali ndi ana asanu ndi awiri, atatu mwa iwo adamwalira adakali aang'ono.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, ana awiri a Bach, a Wilhelm Friedemann ndi a Karl Philipp Emanuel, pambuyo pake adakhala akatswiri olemba nyimbo.
Mu Julayi 1720, Maria adamwalira mwadzidzidzi. Pafupifupi chaka chimodzi pambuyo pake, Bach adakwatiranso Anna Magdalena Wilke, yemwe anali wazaka 16 wocheperako. Banjali linali ndi ana 13, ndipo 6 okha ndiwo adapulumuka.
Imfa
M'zaka zomaliza za moyo wake, a Johann Bach sanawone chilichonse, chifukwa chake adapitiliza kupanga nyimbo, ndikulamula kwa mpongozi wake. Pasanapite nthawi anachitidwa maoparesi awiri pamaso pake, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti akhale anzeru kwambiri.
Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti masiku 10 asanamwalire, mwamunayo adayambanso kuwona kwa maola angapo, koma madzulo adakhudzidwa. A Johann Sebastian Bach adamwalira pa Julayi 28, 1750 ali ndi zaka 65. Zomwe zingayambitse imfa zitha kukhala zovuta pambuyo pochitidwa opaleshoni.
Zithunzi za Bach
