Chilankhulo ndi galasi la chitukuko cha anthu. Ngati dziko lomwe akulandiralo limakhala moyo wachikale, chilankhulo chake chimakhala ndi mawu ndi zomangamanga zomwe zikuwonetsa zinthu zozungulira, zochita zosavuta komanso momwe akumvera. Chilankhulo chikamakula, sikuti kumangowoneka mawu aukadaulo, komanso mawu ofotokozera zinthu zosamveka - umu ndi momwe mabuku amawonekera.
Sayansi yomwe imaphunzira zilankhulo pamodzi imatchedwa linguistics. Ali wachichepere, chifukwa chake lero ali m'gulu lazigawo zochepa za sayansi momwe kuthekera kwakukulu kumatheka. Zachidziwikire, kukhazikitsidwa kwa kulumikizana pakati pazilankhulo za mafuko omwe amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana pachilumba cha New Guinea ndizovuta kunena kuti zomwe zapezeka ndizothandiza kwambiri. Komabe, njira yofananizira ndikusiyanitsa zilankhulo zosiyanasiyana mu mphamvu yakukula kwawo ndiyosangalatsa ndipo imatha kubweretsa zotsatira zosayembekezereka.
1. M'chilankhulo chakale cha Chirasha, maina adali ndi mitundu itatu: nambala ziwiri zidawonjezedwa kukhala chimodzi komanso zochulukirapo. Ndikosavuta kungoganiza kuti pamtunduwu dzinali limatanthauza zinthu ziwiri. Nambala ziwirizi zidasowa kugwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo zaka zoposa 500 zapitazo.
2. Zilankhulo zogwirizana zimatchedwa choncho osati chifukwa cha kufanana kwawo, iwo, basi, amatha kukhala osiyana. Ndiwo achibale, titha kunena ndi abambo awo, ndiko kuti, panali (ndipo atha kupitilirabe) chilankhulo chimodzi, chomwe chimalankhulidwa ndi anthu aboma lalikulu. Kenako boma lidagawika m'magulu ang'onoang'ono angapo omwe sanalumikizane. Zinenero mu chitukuko anayamba kusiyana wina ndi mzake. Chitsanzo chabwino cha abambo a gulu la zilankhulo zofananira ndi Latin. Zinkalankhulidwa mu ufumu wonse wa Roma. Pambuyo pakupasuka kwake, zilankhulo zake zomwe zidapangidwa mu zidutswazo. Chifukwa chake Latin idabereka gulu la zilankhulo zachiroma. Zimaphatikizapo, mwachitsanzo, Chifalansa ndi Chiromani, momwe katswiri wodziwa zamagulu yekha angapeze zofanana.
3. Adayesanso kuyesayesa kugwirizanitsa chilankhulo cha Basque ndi chilankhulo chilichonse ku Europe - sizigwira ntchito. Tinayesera kuyiphatikiza ndi chilankhulo cha Chijojiya - tinapeza mawu ochepa wamba, koma kufanana kumathera pamenepo. Akatswiri ena azilankhulo amakhulupirira kuti Basque ndiye chilankhulo choyambirira ku Europe konse, pomwe magulu ena ndi mabanja adachokera. Izi zikuwonetsedwa mwachindunji ndi kuvuta kwa chilankhulo cha Basque - munthawi yankhondo idagwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama kulemba mauthenga obisika.
4. Chiyankhulo chatsopano chachi Greek chitha kuwerengedwa kuti ndichapadera, koma osati mwana wamasiye. Iyemwini amapanga gulu lazilankhulo zachi Greek ndipo ali mmenemo mwayekha. Aliyense wamvapo za chilankhulo chakale chachi Greek, koma chidatha kukhalapo kale Chigiriki chamakono chisanachitike, chomwe chidayamba zaka za m'ma 1400. Chigiriki chamakono chimalankhulidwa ku Greece ndi Kupro. Ndi chilankhulo chovomerezeka ku European Union.
5. Pali mayiko omwe chilankhulo chawo sichachilendo kudera lomwe mwapatsidwa. Awa makamaka anali madera akale. Mwachitsanzo, ku Nigeria ndi India, chilankhulo chachikulu ndi Chingerezi, ku Cameroon, French, ndi ku Brazil, Chipwitikizi. Kugwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo chachilendo ngati chilankhulo cha boma sizitanthauza kuti zilankhulo zadziko ndi zoyipa kapena zosakhazikika. Nthawi zambiri, chilankhulo cha ufumu wachikoloni chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chilankhulo chovomerezeka kuti musakhumudwitse mafuko osiyanasiyana omwe amakhala pansi pa dziko limodzi.
6. Chilankhulo Chakale cha Slavic sichinthu chodziwika bwino cha Proto-Slavic. Slavonic Yakale Yampingo idawonekera koyamba m'chigawo cha Northern Greece, ndipo kenako idayamba kufalikira kummawa. Kugawikana ndi Old Russian kunali kosavuta: zikalata zofunikira mdziko lapansi zidalembedwa mu Old Russian, zikalata zampingo zinalembedwa mu Old Slavonic.
7. Ku South America, m'malo omwe malire a Colombia, Brazil ndi Peru amasonkhana, pali mafuko angapo aku India owerengeka - anthu opitilira 1,500. Mafuko onse amalankhula mosiyanasiyana, komanso zilankhulo zosiyanasiyana. Kwa anthu okhala m'malo amenewo, kuyankhula bwino zilankhulo khumi sizongopeka, koma kufunikira. Ndipo, zowonadi, palibe mabuku, si mafuko onse omwe adalankhula chilankhulo, ndipo ndi ochepa okha omwe angadzitamande ndi kuwerenga.
Dera losankhidwalo limangokhala ndi ma polyglot
8. Mikangano yokhudzana ndi malowedwe azilankhulo zakunja ikuchitika, mwina m'maiko ambiri padziko lapansi. Omwe amatsutsana nthawi zambiri amagwa m'magulu awiri: omwe amayimira chilankhulo ndi omwe amakhulupirira kuti palibe chowopsa chomwe chikuchitika - ntchito yadziko lapansi ikuchitika. Anthu aku Iceland amachita nsanje kwambiri chifukwa cha kuyera kwa chilankhulo chawo. Ali ndi komiti yaboma yonse, yomwe imakhazikitsa mawu omwe amafunikira mogwirizana ndi chitukuko, koposa zonse, zaukadaulo. Mwachiwonekere, zochita zoterezi zimathandizidwa ndi anthu - apo ayi, m'malo mwa mawu opangidwa, akunja azika mizu.
9. Ndizachidziwikire kuti zonena pamutu womwewo zomwe amuna ndi akazi apanga mwaufulu zimasiyana. Amayi amakonda kuwonjezera zilembo zochepa m'mawu, amagwiritsa ntchito ziganizo zosiyanasiyana, ndi zina zambiri. M'chilankhulo cha Chirasha ndi zina zambiri, ili ndi lingaliro chabe. Ndipo m'zilankhulo zina za anthu aku Southeast Asia, Amwenye Achimereka ndi Aaborijini aku Australia, pali mitundu yapadera yamawu ndi zilembo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutengera mtundu wa wokamba nkhani. M'mudzi umodzi wa Dagestan, amalankhula chilankhulo cha Andian, momwe ngakhale matchulidwe oyambira monga "Ine" ndi "ife" amasiyana amuna ndi akazi.
10. Aulemu amathanso kukhala gulu la galamala. Achijapani amagwiritsa ntchito mawu osachepera atatu, kutengera zomwe akufotokoza. Pokhudzana ndi iwo eni ndi okondedwa awo, amagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe osalowerera ndale, poyerekeza ndi wamkulu - wotsogola, poyerekeza ndi wotsika - wonyoza. Ngati mukufuna, mutha kuphunziranso kulankhula Chirasha (I - "kugula", wamkulu - "wapeza", wogonjera - "wakumba"). Koma awa adzakhala zenizeni, osati mawonekedwe amodzi, ndipo muyenera kuswa mutu wanu. Chijapani chimangokhala ndi mawonekedwe amtundu.
11. Mu Chirasha, kupsinjika kumatha kugwera pa silabi iliyonse, zimangotengera mawu. Mu Chifalansa, kupsinjika kumakhazikika - syllable yomaliza nthawi zonse imapanikizika. Chifalansa sichokha - m'Czech, Chifinishi ndi Chihungary, kupsinjika kumangokhala pa syllable yoyamba, m'zinenero za Lezgi m'chiwiri, komanso ku Poland kumapeto.
Ziyankhulo zidayambika kale kuposa mawotchi, chifukwa chake nthawi ya chilankhulo chilichonse imatha kuganiziridwa (moyenera kwambiri) wotchi yoyamba - m'zilankhulo zonse nthawi idalumikizidwa pakulankhula. Zochitikazo zikuchitika pakadali pano, kapena zidachitika kale, kapena zichitika pambuyo pake. Komanso, ndikukula kwa zilankhulo, zosankha zidawoneka. Komabe, pali zilankhulo zomwe tsogolo lawo silinafotokozeredwe - Chifinishi ndi Chijapani. Pozindikira izi, akatswiri azilankhulo adathamangira kukafuna zilankhulo zomwe sizikufotokoza zomwe zidachitika m'mbuyomu. Kwa nthawi yayitali, kusaka kunalibe kanthu. Mwayi adamwetulira katswiri wazilankhulo waku America a Edward Sapir. Anapeza mtundu waku India wa Takelma, yemwe chilankhulo chake sichikhala ndi mawonekedwe am'mbuyomu. Ziyankhulo zomwe zilipo pakadali pano sizinapezeke.
13. Pali zilankhulo zomwe zili ndi dongosolo lotukuka la amuna ndi akazi, ndipo ambiri a iwo, kuphatikiza Chirasha. Pali zilankhulo zomwe zimakhala zachimuna, zachikazi komanso zosagonana, koma pafupifupi palibe mitundu yachibadwa. Mu Chingerezi, mwachitsanzo, maina okhawo ndi dzinalo "sitimayo" ali ndi jenda - "sitimayo" ndi yachikazi. Ndipo m'zinenero za Armenia, Hungary, Persian ndi Turkic, ngakhale maitanidwe alibe amuna.
14. Chitchainizi, Chikiliyo, ndi zilankhulo zina za anthu akumadzulo kwa Africa zitha kuwerengedwa ngati zilankhulo popanda galamala. Alibe njira zachizolowezi zosinthira kapena kulumikiza mawu, kutengera ntchito yomwe amachita m'mawuwo. Chifaniziro choyandikira kwambiri cha chilankhulochi ndi chilankhulo chophwanyidwa chaku Russia cha omwe akuukira aku Germany, omwe akuwonetsedwa m'mafilimu akale ankhondo. M'mawu oti "Partisan sakubwera kuno dzulo," mawuwo sagwirizana wina ndi mnzake mwanjira iliyonse, koma tanthauzo lonse likhoza kumveka.
15. Yankho lolondola kwambiri pa funso "Pali zilankhulo zingati padziko lapansi?" padzakhala "Oposa 5,000". N'kosatheka kupereka yankho lenileni, chifukwa pokhapokha kusiyana pakati pa zilankhulo ndi zilankhulo asayansi ambiri adadzipangira dzina. Kuphatikiza apo, palibe amene anganene kuti akudziwa kuchuluka kwa zilankhulo zamtundu mu nkhalango za Amazon kapena Africa momwemo. Kumbali ina, zilankhulo zomwe zili zochepa ndizosowa nthawi zonse. Pafupifupi, chilankhulo chimodzi chimasowa Padziko Lonse sabata iliyonse.
Kugawa mapu azilankhulo zotsogola
16. "Wigwams" odziwika bwino, "moccasins", "tomahawk", "squaw" ndi "totem" si mawu wamba aku India. Ndi gawo limodzi lamawu azilankhulo za Algonquian, pomwe Delaware ("Delaware", kukhala yolondola) ndiye wokamba wamba odziwika kwambiri. Mafuko a Algonquin amakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic ndipo, mwatsoka, anali oyamba kukumana ndi alendo omwe ali ndi nkhope zotuwa. Adatengera mawu angapo amwenye. M'mafuko ena, mayina okhala, nsapato, nkhwangwa zankhondo, kapena azimayi amamveka mosiyana.
17. Anthu aku Africa amalankhula zilankhulo zingapo zoyambirira, koma zilankhulo zovomerezeka m'maiko ambiri ndi Chifalansa, Chingerezi kapena Chipwitikizi. Kupatula okha ndi Somalia, momwe chilankhulo chawo ndi Asomali, ndi Tanzania, ndi Chiswahili.
