Zinovy Bogdan Mikhailovich Khmelnitsky - Hetman wa Zaporizhzhya Troops, wamkulu, wandale komanso kazembe. Mtsogoleri wa kuwukira kwa Cossack, chifukwa chake Zaporozhye Sich ndi Left-Bank Ukraine ndi Kiev adadzipatula ku Commonwealth ndipo adakhala gawo la dziko la Russia.
Wambiri Bohdan Khmelnitsky lodzala ndi mfundo zosangalatsa za moyo waumwini ndi pagulu.
Chifukwa chake, patsogolo panu pali mbiri yayifupi ya Khmelnitsky.
Mbiri ya Bohdan Khmelnitsky
Bohdan Khmelnitsky adabadwa pa Disembala 27, 1595 (Januware 6, 1596) m'mudzi wa Subotov (Kiev Voivodeship).
Htman wamtsogolo adakula ndikuleredwa m'banja la Mikhail Khmelnitsky, Chigirin under-star. Amayi ake, Agafya, anali a Cossack. Makolo onse a Bogdan adachokera ku banja laulemu.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Olemba mbiri sakudziwa zambiri za moyo wa Bohdan Khmelnytsky.
Poyamba, mnyamatayo amaphunzira ku sukulu ya abale ku Kiev, pambuyo pake adalowa koleji ya Jesuit.
Pomwe amaphunzira ku kolejiyi, Bogdan adaphunzira Chilatini ndi Chipolishi, komanso amamvetsetsa luso la malankhulidwe ndi kapangidwe kake. Pakadali pano, mbiri yakale ya maJesuit silingapangitse wophunzirayo kusiya Orthodox ndikutembenukira ku Chikatolika.
Pa nthawi imeneyo Khmelnitsky anali ndi mwayi wopita kumayiko ambiri aku Europe.
Kutumikira Mfumu
Mu 1620 nkhondo yaku Poland ndi Turkey idayamba, pomwe Bohdan Khmelnytsky adatengako gawo.
Mu nkhondo imodzi, bambo ake anamwalira, ndipo Bogdan iye anagwidwa. Kwa zaka pafupifupi ziwiri anali mu ukapolo, koma sanataye malingaliro ake.
Ngakhale m'malo opanikizika ngati amenewa, Khmelnytsky adayesetsa kuyang'ana nthawi zabwino. Mwachitsanzo, anaphunzira Chitata ndi Chituruki.
Pomwe amakhala ali kundende, abale adakwanitsa kutenga dipo. Bogdan atabwerera kwawo, adalembetsa ku Cossacks.
Pambuyo pake Bohdan Khmelnitsky adatenga nawo gawo pomenya nkhondo yolimbana ndi mizinda yaku Turkey. Zotsatira zake, mu 1629 hetman ndi asitikali ake adalanda kunja kwa Constantinople.
Pambuyo pake, iye ndi gulu lake adabwerera ku Chigirin. Akuluakulu a Zaporozhye adapatsa Bogdan Mikhailovich kukhala kapitawo wa Chigirinsky.
Vladislav 4 atakhala mutu waku Poland, nkhondo idabuka pakati pa Commonwealth ndi Kingdom ya Muscovite. Khmelnitsky anapita ndi asilikali ku Smolensk. Mu 1635 adakwanitsa kumasula mfumu yaku Poland ku ukapolo, ndikulandila mphotho yagolide ngati mphotho.
Kuyambira pamenepo, Vladislav amalemekeza kwambiri Bogdan Mikhailovich, ndikumuuza zinsinsi za boma ndikumupempha upangiri.
Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti pomwe mfumu yaku Poland idaganiza zopita kukamenya nkhondo ndi Ottoman, Khmelnytsky anali woyamba kudziwa za izi.
Zambiri zotsutsana zasungidwa panthawi yakumenya nkhondo pakati pa Spain ndi France, makamaka za kuzingidwa kwa linga la Dunkirk.
Mbiri za nthawi imeneyo zimatsimikizira kuti Khmelnytsky adachita nawo zokambirana ndi achi French. Komabe, sananene chilichonse chokhudza nawo nawo kuzingidwa kwa Dunkirk.
Atayambitsa nkhondo ndi Turkey, Vladislav 4 sanafune thandizo kuchokera ku Zakudya, koma kuchokera ku Cossacks, motsogozedwa ndi Khmelnitsky. Gulu la a hetman lidakumana ndi ntchito yokakamiza a Ottoman kuti ayambe nkhondo.
Mfumu yaku Poland idalemekeza Bohdan Khmelnytsky ndi chikalata chachifumu, chomwe chidalola kuti Cossacks ipezenso ufulu wawo ndikupezanso mwayi wambiri.
A Seim atamva zokambirana ndi a Cossacks, aphungu a nyumba yamalamulo adatsutsa mgwirizanowu. Wolamulira waku Poland adakakamizika kusiya dongosolo lake.
Komabe, kapitawo wa Cossack Barabash adasungira kalatayo anzake. Patapita nthawi, Khmelnitsky anamutengera chikalatacho mwachinyengo. Pali malingaliro akuti hetman adangopeka kalatayo.
Nkhondo
Bohdan Khmelnitsky adakwanitsa kutenga nawo mbali pankhondo zosiyanasiyana, koma nkhondo yadziko yomenyera ufulu idamupangitsa kutchuka kwambiri.
Chifukwa chachikulu cha kuwukirako chinali kulanda madera mwankhanza. Kusakhazikika pakati pa Cossacks kunayambitsanso njira zankhanza za a Poles.
Khmelnitsky atangosankhidwa kukhala hetman pa Januware 24, 1648, adapanga gulu lankhondo lomwe lidalanda gulu lankhondo laku Poland.
Ndiyamika chigonjetso ichi, anthu ambiri anayamba kulowa usilikali Bogdan Mihaylovich.
Ophunzirawo anatenga maphunziro ausilikali, omwe anaphatikizapo machenjerero ankhondo, kugwira ntchito ndi zida zosiyanasiyana komanso kumenyana ndi manja. Pambuyo pake Khmelnitsky adachita mgwirizano ndi Crimea Khan, yemwe adamupatsa okwera pamahatchi.
Pasanapite nthawi, mwana wa Nikolai Pototsky anapita kukapondereza kupanduka kwa Cossack, ndikupita naye chiwerengero chofunikira cha asilikali. Nkhondo yoyamba idachitika ku Yellow Waters.
Mitengo inali yofooka kuposa gulu la Khmelnytsky, koma nkhondoyo sinathere pomwepo.
Pambuyo pake, a Poles ndi a Cossacks adakumana ku Korsun. Asitikali aku Poland anali ndi asitikali 12,000, koma nthawi iyi, nawonso, sakanatha kukana gulu lankhondo la Cossack-Turkey.
Nkhondo yakumenyera ufulu wadziko lonse idapangitsa kuti zitheke kukwaniritsa zomwe zidafunidwa. Kuzunza kwakukulu kwa a Pole ndi Ayuda kudayamba ku Ukraine.
Pamenepo, Khmelnitsky, yemwe sanathenso kumenyera omenyera ake mwanjira iliyonse, zinthu sizinayende bwino.
Pofika nthawiyo, Vladislav 4 anali atamwalira ndipo, kwenikweni, nkhondo inali itataya tanthauzo lililonse. Khmelnitsky adapempha thandizo kwa tsar waku Russia, akufuna kuletsa kukhetsa magazi ndikupeza woyang'anira wodalirika. Zokambirana zambiri ndi a Russia ndi a Poles sizinachitike.
M'chaka cha 1649, a Cossacks adayamba gawo lotsatira la nkhanza. Bohdan Khmelnitsky, wokhala ndi malingaliro ndi luntha, adaganiza machenjerero ndi njira yankhondoyo mpaka tsatanetsatane.
A hetman anazungulira omenyera ku Poland ndipo nthawi zambiri ankawaukira. Zotsatira zake, aboma adakakamizidwa kumaliza mtendere wa Zboriv, posafuna kutayikiranso zina.
Gawo lachitatu la nkhondoyi lidayamba mu 1650. Zothandizira gulu la a hetman zidatha tsiku lililonse, ndichifukwa chake kugonjetsedwa koyamba kudayamba.
A Cossacks adasaina Pangano la Mtendere la Belotserkov ndi ma Poles, lomwe lidatsutsana ndi Pangano la Mtendere la Zborow.
Mu 1652, ngakhale panali mgwirizanowu, a Cossacks adayambitsanso nkhondo, yomwe sakanatha kutuluka pawokha. Chifukwa, Khmelnitsky anaganiza zopanga mtendere ndi Russia, kulumbira okhulupirika kwa mfumu yake Alexei Mikhailovich.
Moyo waumwini
Mu mbiri ya Bogdan Khmelnitsky, pali akazi atatu: Anna Somko, Elena Chaplinskaya ndi Anna Zolotarenko. Zonsezi, banjali linabereka anyamata a hetman 4 ndi atsikana omwewo.
Mwana wamkazi wa Stepanid Khmelnitskaya adakwatirana ndi Colonel Ivan Nechai. Ekaterina Khmelnitskaya anakwatiwa ndi Danila Vygovsky. Atakhala wamasiye, mtsikanayo anakwatiwanso ndi Pavel Teter.
Olemba mbiri yakale sanapeze chidziwitso chokwanira pamiyambo ya Maria ndi Elena Khmelnitsky. Ngakhale zochepa zimadziwika za ana a hetman.
Timosh anamwalira ali ndi zaka 21, Grigory anamwalira ali wakhanda, ndipo Yuri anamwalira ali ndi zaka 44. Malinga ndi ena osavomerezeka, Ostap Khmelnitsky adamwalira ali ndi zaka 10 chifukwa chomenyedwa.
Imfa
Matenda a Bohdan Khmelnitsky adayamba pafupifupi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi asanamwalire. Kenako adaganizira za omwe angakhale abwino kulowa nawo - a Sweden kapena aku Russia.
Poona kuti imfa yayandikira, Khmelnitsky adalamula kuti apange mwana wake wamwamuna Yuri, yemwe panthawiyo anali ndi zaka 16, woloŵa m'malo mwake.
Tsiku lililonse mtsogoleri wa Cossacks anali kukulirakulira. Bohdan Khmelnitsky anamwalira pa Julayi 27 (Ogasiti 6) 1657 ali ndi zaka 61. Chifukwa cha imfa yake chinali kukha mwazi muubongo.
Hetman anaikidwa m'mudzi wa Subotov. Patatha zaka 7, a Pole Stefan Czarnetsky adabwera kudera lino, omwe adawotcha mudzi wonse ndikuipitsa manda a Khmelnytsky.
