Mzindawu nthawi imodzi ndichimodzi mwazabwino kwambiri komanso chimodzi mwazolephera zoyipa kwambiri zachitukuko cha anthu. Kumbali inayi, mizinda, makamaka yayikulu, kupatula zochepa, ndizovuta kwambiri m'moyo. Mavuto ndi mayendedwe, mtengo wanyumba, mtengo wokwera, umbanda, phokoso - zovuta zamizinda zitha kulembedwa kwanthawi yayitali. Kukhala m'mizinda ikuluikulu nthawi zambiri kumasandulika moyo.
Komabe, palibe chabwino chomwe chidapangidwa pano. Ntchito za Utopian monga kukhazikitsanso anthu onse aku US kuchoka kunyanja kupita kunyanja kupita m'midzi yaying'ono yosanja imodzi kapena kusuntha kwa mamiliyoni a anthu ochokera ku Europe gawo la Russia, makamaka Moscow ndi dera la Moscow, ku Urals ndi Far East kumawonekera nthawi ndi nthawi, koma pafupifupi palibe omuthandizira omwe amapezeka. Mizinda ikupitilizabe kukula ndikukula ngati pampu yokoka anthu ndi chuma.
1. Pafupifupi theka la anthu padziko lapansi amakhala m'mizinda, amakhala m'malo ochepera pa 2%, ndikudya magawo atatu mwa magawo atatu a chuma, ndipo chiwerengerochi chikuchulukirachulukira kumizinda. Mwachizolowezi, izi zikutanthauza kuti moyo wamizinda (pafupifupi, ndiyedi) ndiwosavuta kuposa kumidzi.
2. Palibe tanthauzo lenileni, lomveka bwino la "mzinda". Nthawi zosiyanasiyana, m'masayansi osiyanasiyana komanso m'maiko osiyanasiyana, amatanthauziridwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Mwanjira yayikulu kwambiri, mzinda "si mudzi," malo omwe nzika zake sizimalimidwa kwambiri ndipo zimakhala m'malo ena omangidwa mosiyana. Komabe, ngakhale izi, tanthauzo lalikulu kwambiri ndilopunduka miyendo yonse - kumbuyo pakati pa zaka za zana la 19, obereketsa nkhumba amakhala pakatikati pa London, akulera nkhumba zikwizikwi, ndipo Paris inali ndi njala osati chifukwa chosowa tirigu, koma kuchokera kuzizira - mphero za mzindawo pa Seine wouma sizinachitike ntchito. Ndipo palibe chonena za nkhuku ndi minda yamasamba m'nyumba za anthu kunja kwa mizinda ikuluikulu.
3. Nthawi yeniyeni yomwe mizinda yoyamba idawonekeranso ndi chifukwa chokambirana ndi kufalikira kwa zaka masauzande angapo. Koma mizinda idayamba kutuluka anthu atakhala ndi mwayi wopanga zotsalira zaulimi. Itha kusinthanitsidwa ndi china chake chothandiza (zida, ziwiya) kapena chosangalatsa (zodzikongoletsera). Anthu akumatauni amapanga izi zothandiza komanso zosangalatsa. Mumzindawu, mutha kusinthanitsa ndi zina zaulimi. Chifukwa chake miyambo yazaka chikwi yakupezeka pamsika uliwonse osati owerengera katundu okha, komanso malo ogulitsira amisiri.
Yeriko amawerengedwa kuti ndi umodzi mwamizinda yoyamba
4. Kale mu Roma wakale, kuchulukana kwa anthu kunadzetsa mawu onga "Sipangakhale tsoka pamene mwambo unabweretsanso anthu ku chilengedwe". Chifukwa chake Seneca adalemba za Ajeremani akale, omwe amakhala mosaka ndi kusonkhanitsa.
Sikuti aliyense ankakonda kukhala ku Roma wakale
5. Mlimi Wachingerezi komanso wolemba nkhani William Cobbett adatcha mizindayo "ziphuphu", London - "chiphuphu chachikulu", ndipo mwachidziwikire adalangiza kufinya ziphuphu kumaso kwa dziko la England. Inali theka loyamba la zaka za zana la 19 ...
6. Bukhu lotchuka lolembedwa ndi Adam Smith pa "dzanja losaoneka la msika" - "Kafukufuku wazachilengedwe komanso zomwe zimayambitsa chuma cha mayiko" adabadwa wolemba atayerekezera kupezeka kwa chakudya m'mizinda iwiri: London ndi Paris. Mu likulu la England, akuluakulu sanasokoneze magawowa, ndipo zonse zinali bwino ndi iye. Ku Paris, akuluakulu aboma adayesa kuletsa kupezeka ndi kugulitsa chakudya, ndipo izi zinawaipira kwambiri, mpaka pomwe zidasinthidwa. Chomaliza cha Smith chinali, pakuwona koyamba, kodziwikiratu, koma sanaganizire momwe zinthu zogwirira ntchito zogwirira ntchito m'mizinda yonseyi - Paris ili 270 km kuchokera kunyanja, ndipo London ndi 30. Kutumiza katundu pamtunda ndikovuta kwambiri komanso kukwera mtengo.
7. Ku Paris wamakono, m'malo mwake, kupezeka kuli bwino kuposa ku London. Msika waukulu wa Runji umalola kuti pakhale malo ogulitsira ang'onoang'ono masauzande angapo pafupi ndi anthu aku Paris. Nzika zaku London, komwe kulibe masitolo odziyimira pawokha otsalira, ayenera kupita kuzitolo zazikulu.
Msika wa Runji ku Paris
8. Njira zodziyimira pawokha za madzi zimatchulidwa m'Baibulo. Ngalande zakale zaku Roma zimadziwikanso kwa aliyense. M'mizinda yapakatikati ya ku Europe, kuphatikiza Russia, mapaipi amadzi adawoneka ambiri m'zaka za XII-XIII.
Ngalande za Aroma sizimaima zii
9. Njira zonyamula zimbudzi zoyambirira zidawonekera mumzinda waku India wa Mohenjo-Daro mzaka za m'ma 2000 BC e. Dongosolo lalikulu la zimbudzi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Roma wakale. Ndipo ku New York, ma drainage adatsegulidwa mu 1850, ku London mu 1865, ku Moscow mu 1898.
M'chimbudzi cha London, m'zaka za zana la 19
10. Makina osonkhanitsa zinyalala awonekera koyamba mu 1980 m'mizinda ya Holland.
11. Metro yoyambayo idawonekera ku London mu 1863. Wamng'ono kwambiri ndi njanji yapansi panthaka ya mzinda wa Kazakh wa Alma-Ata - idatsegulidwa mu 2011. Sitima yapamtunda yayikulu kwambiri imayikidwa ku Shanghai - 423 km, yayifupi kwambiri - ku Haifa (Israel), kutalika kwake ndi 2 km chabe. Ku Dubai, masitima apamtunda osayendetsedwa amayenda pamizere 80 km.
12. London ndiyenso akuchita upainiya wapa basi m'mizinda. Ku likulu la Britain, adayamba mu 1903. Koma ku Russia, okhala ku Arkhangelsk adakhala oyamba kukwera basi mu 1907.
13. Sitima yoyamba kukokedwa ndi mahatchi idapezeka ku Baltimore (USA) ku 1828. Kuyamba kwa tram yamagetsi kudachitika mu 1881 ku Berlin. Chaka chotsatira, tram yoyamba mu Ufumu wa Russia idakhazikitsidwa ku Kiev.
14. Mzere woyamba wa trolleybus unatsegulidwa ku Berlin mu 1882. Mu Moscow, trolleybus utumiki unayambitsidwa mu 1933.
Imodzi mwa mabasi oyendetsa trolley oyamba ku Moscow
15. Ntchito yoyamba yama ambulansi idakhazikitsidwa ku 1881 ku Vienna. Ntchito yofananayo idapezeka ku Moscow mu 1898. Pomwe pano ndi apo chifukwa chake chinali tsoka ndi ozunzidwa ambiri: moto mu bwalo lamasewera ku Vienna ndikuphwanya Khodynka.
Pakati pa mzinda waku England wa Letchworth (anthu 33 0 00) ndi Russian Volgograd (anthu opitilira 1 miliyoni) palibe njira yodziwika bwino yolumikizirana. Letchworth idamangidwa pamayunifolomu koyambirira kwa zaka za makumi awiri ngati "mzinda wamaluwa" woyamba: kuphatikiza zopezeka m'mizinda ndi chilengedwe. Womanga nyumba waku Russia a Vladimir Semyonov adatenga nawo gawo pantchito yomangayo, yemwe pambuyo pake adagwiritsa ntchito malingaliro angapo ochokera ku Letchworth pakupanga dongosolo lokonzanso Stalingrad pambuyo pa nkhondo.
17. Slab City mwina ndi mzinda wokha padziko lapansi womwe nzika zake zilibe oyang'anira mzindawo, apolisi ndi zofunikira. Pamalo ankhondo omwe asiyidwa okhala ndi ma bunkers ambiri ndi nyumba zina, opuma pantchito, anthu opanda pokhala komanso okonda moyo waulere amasonkhana. Pali tchalitchi ku Slab City, komwe kumayendera ana, magetsi amapezeka kuchokera ku ma jenereta, pali magwero amadzi apansi panthaka ndi nyanja zapamtunda - anthu amakhala moyo wachilendo, koma wabwinobwino kwa ambiri a ife.
Slab City - mzinda womwe aliyense amasangalala ndi moyo
18. Mizinda isachepera 7 ili m'maiko awiri nthawi imodzi. Mwa ambiri a iwo, malirewo ndi osasunthika - amawonetsedwa ndi zolemba pamsewu kapena zinthu zokongoletsera komanso mabedi amaluwa. Koma aku America amayang'anira malire ku American-Mexico Nogales chimodzimodzi kumadera ena. Kumpoto kwa United States, ku Derby Line / Stansted (Canada), boma lamalire ndilopepuka, koma pasipoti ikufunika, ndipo chifukwa chophwanya malamulo owoloka malire, mutha kulipira $ 5,000.
Nogales - mzinda wosiyanitsa
19. Kope lenileni la tawuni ya Austria ku Hallstatt lidamangidwa ku China. Kwa madola 940 miliyoni, omwe adathandizira ntchitoyi, yemwe ndi wabiliyoni waku China, adalengeza zanzeru ku Austria - ntchito yomaliza ikamalizidwa, achi China adayamba kuyendera Austria maulendo 10.
Ichi ndiye choyambirira
Ndipo uwu ndi mtengo wotsika mtengo waku China.
20. Malinga ndi kulosera kwa akatswiri a UN, pofika chaka cha 2050, 3/4 mwa anthu padziko lapansi azikhala m'mizinda. Kuphatikiza apo, mizinda ikukula mosafanana. Chiwerengero cha likulu la Côte d'Ivoire, Yamoussoukro, chidzawirikiza kawiri, ku China Jinjiang padzakhala anthu ena kotala, koma anthu aku Tokyo kapena London azikula pang'ono - ndi 0,7 - 1%.