Anthu aku Russia adayamba kudzisambitsa ndi kudzichiritsa okha mothandizidwa ndi nthunzi m'mbuyomu. Dzinalo "kusamba" ndi mawu ovuta kwambiri, etymology yake imachokera ku Greek ndi Latin wakale kupita ku chilankhulo cha Proto-Slavic. Perekani nkhuni zokha, chitofu ndi madzi, ndipo anthu aku Russia amangomanga nyumba yosambiramo komwe azikhalako kwa nthawi yayitali. Malo osambira anali akumangidwa ndipo akumangidwa onse kumadera otentha akumwera ndi madera ovuta a kumpoto - ukhondo ndi thanzi labwino ziyenera kusamalidwa kulikonse.
Ndichizindikiro kuti nyumba yosambira yaku Russia ndi miyambo yogwiritsa ntchito sizinakhudzidwe ndi zipolowe zandale kapena chitukuko chaukadaulo. Momwemonso, nkhuni zimayikidwa mu mbaula, madzi kapena mankhwala azitsamba akadatsanulirabe pa mbaula, ma tsache akadali mluzu m'chipinda cha nthunzi, chimodzimodzi mu bafa, aliyense amakhala wofanana. Mbiri ikuwoneka kuti ikuzizira m'bafa losambira ...
1. Amakhulupirira kuti kusamba kwa nthunzi koyamba kunafotokozedwa ndi a Herodotus. M'kulongosola kwake, nyumba yosambiramo imawoneka ngati kanyumba kokhala ndi chotengera chamadzi mkati. Mwala wotentha umaponyedwa mu chotengera, nthunzi imapangidwa, momwe imayendera.
2. Agiriki ndi Aroma akale ankadziwa zambiri za malo osambira. Anawamanga osati chifukwa cha ukhondo komanso thanzi. Malo osambiramo nthawi imodzi anali ngati kalabu, malo ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi, laibulale komanso malo operekera zakudya.
3. Chitofu cha ku Russia chidalinso chosambira choyamba ku Russia. Phulusa adachotsedwa m'ng'anjoyo, mwamunayo adamukankhira pakamwa ndi fosholo. Damper idatsekedwa, yoyaka idakonkha madzi pamakoma a chitofu - idakhala chipinda chothira moto.
4. Mawu oti "kusamba kwakuda" lero akuwoneka ngati mpweya, koma anthu adasiya "bafa yakuda" yoyera bwino. Makoma a nyumba yosambiramo anali akuda ndi mwaye ndi utsi - chitofu chidatenthedwa popanda chimbudzi. Atatenthetsa mbaula, adasambitsanso mpweya ndikusamba, ndipo atangoyamba kumene adayamba kutentha, ndikuwaza miyala.
5. "Wakuda" ndi "woyera" si njira yotenthetsera osamba omwewo. Ichi ndi chikhalidwe cha malo osambira okha - okhala ndi opanda chimney. Komanso, pali malingaliro akuti nthunzi mu sauna ya utsi ndi yonunkhira bwino komanso yothandiza.
6. Mosasamala kanthu za njira yotenthetsera, zinthu zitatu zikuluzikulu zosambira ku Russia ndi chipinda cha nthunzi chomwecho, chitofu chokhala ndi chotenthetsera, pomwe madzi amawaza, ndi chipinda chovekera.
7. Kuyambira kale, Loweruka lakhala lodziwika ngati tsiku losambira, osati chifukwa sabata yogwira ntchito imatha. Kungoti Lamlungu m'mawa muyenera kupita kutchalitchi oyera.
8. Pali malo osambiramo nthunzi m'maiko ndi zikhalidwe zambiri, koma tsache limagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo osambira achi Russia okha. Pochita mantha pakuwona koyamba, ndondomekoyi imachotsa poizoni mthupi ndipo imakhudza khungu ndi dongosolo la minofu ndi mafupa.
9. Malo osambiramo ankayikidwa kumbuyo kwa nyumba osati chifukwa cha zamakhalidwe abwino kapena zamatsenga - pazifukwa zoteteza moto. Moto unakantha matauni ndi midzi.
10. "Sopo" amatchulidwa m'mipukutu yaku Russia yomwe idali m'zaka za zana la 10. Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi zambiri amalemba za iwo, koma osafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti mabafa anali kale kale panthawiyo. Izi zikuwonetsedwanso ndi gawo la mgwirizano pakati pa Mneneri Oleg ndi a Byzantines. Malinga ndi gawoli, anthu aku Russia omwe amakhala ndikubwera ku Constantinople ayenera kukhala osamba nthawi iliyonse yomwe angafune. Ndipo mu nthano, Ivanushka nthawi yomweyo adalamula kuti Baba Yaga asambe nthunzi mu bafa.
11. Kufanana koyamba kwa zipatala ku Russia kudawonekera m'malo osambira amonke. Amonke, omwe adadziwa kale kuchokera m'mabuku achi Greek zaphindu la malo osambira, adachiritsa mwa iwo "opanda mphamvu" - ndi momwe odwala amatchulidwira nthawi imeneyo.
12. Akunja omwe adapita ku Russia munthawi zosiyanasiyana alemba "cranberries" zambiri zadzikolo - zosatsimikizika, zolakwika kapena poyera zabodza. Komabe, ngakhale otsutsa olankhula mosasamala sanasiye ndemanga zoyipa zakusamba kwa Russia.
13. Kudandaula kokha kwa alendo kudziko la Russia kunali kuyendera limodzi kwa amayi ndi abambo. Onse a tchalitchi komanso akuluakulu adziko lapansi, makamaka, Catherine II, adalimbana ndi izi, koma kulimbana kumeneku sikunapambane konse, kupatula kuti m'mizinda yayikulu, amuna ndi akazi adagawika.
14. Nyumba yoyamba yosambiramo njerwa idamangidwa mu 1090 ku Pereslavl. M'zaka zimenezo, lingaliro silinafalikire - mtengowo unali wotsika mtengo komanso wotsika mtengo. Kuphatikiza apo, samadziwa kuti matabwa amatha, koma kusamba ku Russia ndikotani kafungo kabwino? Ndipo ngakhale zida zamatabwa zilipo pomalizira pamtengo uliwonse, chimango chamatabwa chimakhalabe mawonekedwe osambira aku Russia.
15. Malo osambiramo amalembedwa mwamakhalidwe azikhalidwe zaku Russia. Apaulendo ndi ankhondo adalandiridwa ndi malo osambira; adayendera madzulo a tchuthi. Kubereka ("Kubadwanso katsopano") kunatengedwanso m'bafa - mulibe malo oyera m'nyumba ya anthu wamba. Madzulo a ukwati, apongozi amtsogolo nthawi zonse ankapita kusamba losambira ndi mkwatibwi - kuti akamange mnzake wapamtima ndikupanga mayeso osadalirika azachipatala.
16. Amakhulupirira kuti kusambako kumatsuka machimo onse, kuphatikiza machimo amthupi. Kupita ku bafa kunali kovomerezeka pambuyo paukwati woyamba waukwati komanso kugonana kulikonse. Zikuwonekeratu kuti chofunikira chomaliza chinali chovuta kukwaniritsa - malo osambira ankatenthedwa kamodzi pa sabata. Chifukwa chake, mkati mwa sabata, anthu omwe anali akuseka amayang'ana omwe sanayerekeze kulowa tchalitchicho, potero akuvomereza tchimo lawo.
17. Ndipo makamaka adapita kukasamba matenda aliwonse okhudzana ndi chimfine. Posambira, adachiritsa mphuno ndi chifuwa, kupweteka mafupa ndi matenda olumikizana.
18. Akunja achi Russia adabweretsa chidziwitso cha malo osambira ku Europe yotukuka kwambiri koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 18. Peter Wamkulu anali ndi malo osambira kulikonse komwe amapitako. Anthu aku Europe, omwe panthawiyo adapanga mitundu yabwino kwambiri ya madera ndi mfiti, zonunkhira zabwino kwambiri zothimbirira fungo la thukuta ndi ndowe, komanso kuswana mitundu ya agalu yomwe inali yoyenera kwambiri kwa nsabwe za anthu, adadzidzimuka. Emperor, pamodzi ndi asirikali wamba, adayamba kumanga nyumba yosambira m'mphepete mwa Seine, kenako adatsitsa ulemu wake, ndikungoyenda ndi anthu wamba ndikuzungulira nawo m'madzi.
19. Peter I ndi anzake amadziwika kuti amabweretsa misonkho yatsopano, yomwe tsopano ikuwoneka ngati yachilendo. Koma ku St. Petersburg, ntchito yomanga mabafa inali yopanda misonkho.
20. Panali malo osambira pagulu ambiri m'mizinda yaku Russia, pachakudya chilichonse ndi bajeti. Ku Moscow, kale m'zaka za zana la 19, adalipo opitilira 70, ndipo panali malo osambira a 1,500. Ma bache atsamba anali bizinesi yayikulu - adagulidwa m'midzi mazana. Ntchito yosambirayi inali yolemekezeka kwambiri komanso yopindulitsa. Kuphatikiza pa njira zenizeni zosambitsira, ma vapers adadziwa kudula mabala, kutsegula magazi ndikutulutsa mano.
Malo osambira otchuka a Sandunovsky sanali ofanana kwambiri ndi malo osambirako
