Moscow Kremlin

Pakatikati mwa likulu la dzikoli pali nyumba zomangamanga kwambiri ku Russia - Moscow Kremlin. Mbali yaikulu ya gulu loyimba ndikulimbikitsa kwake, komwe kuli makoma ngati kansalu kakang'ono ndi nsanja makumi awiri.

Nyumbayi idamangidwa pakati pa 1485 ndi 1499 ndipo yasungidwa mpaka pano. Kangapo anali chitsanzo cha nyumba zofananira zomwe zidawonekera m'mizinda ina ya Russia - Kazan, Tula, Rostov, Nizhny Novgorod, ndi zina zotero.Pakati pa mpanda wa Kremlin pali nyumba zambiri zachipembedzo komanso zachipembedzo - nyumba zamatchalitchi, nyumba zachifumu ndi nyumba zoyang'anira madera osiyanasiyana. Kremlin idaphatikizidwa mu UNESCO World Heritage List mu 1990. Pamodzi ndi Red Square, yomwe ili pamndandandawu, Kremlin nthawi zambiri imadziwika kuti ndi yomwe idakopa kwambiri ku Moscow.

Makachisi a Moscow Kremlin

Gulu loyanjana limapangidwa ndi akachisi atatu, pakati pali Chiphunzitso Cathedral... Mbiri ya tchalitchi chachikulu idayamba mu 1475. Ndi nyumba yakale kwambiri yosungidwa bwino pakati pa nyumba zonse za Kremlin.

Poyamba, ntchito yomangayi idachitika mu 1326-1327 motsogozedwa ndi Ivan I. Pambuyo pomanga ntchitoyi, tchalitchichi chimakhala ngati tchalitchi cha Metropolitan of Moscow, yemwe adakhazikika m'malo mwa Patriarchal Palace.

Pofika mu 1472, tchalitchi chachikulu chomwe chinawonongedwa tsopano chinawonongedwa, kenako nyumba yatsopano inamangidwa m'malo mwake. Komabe, idagwa mu Meyi 1474, mwina chifukwa cha chivomerezi kapena chifukwa cha zolakwika pomanga. Kuyesera kwatsopano pa chitsitsimutso kunapangidwa ndi Grand Duke Ivan III. Munali mu tchalitchichi momwe mapemphero amachitika asanachitike misonkhano yofunika kwambiri, mafumu adavekedwa korona ndikukwezedwa paudindo wa makolo.

Cathedral wa Mngelo Wamkulu woperekedwa kwa Angelo Angelo Michael, woyang'anira woyera wa olamulira aku Russia, idamangidwa mu 1505 patsamba la tchalitchi cha dzina lomweli mu 1333. Inamangidwa ndi womanga nyumba waku Italy Aloisio Lamberti da Montignana. Kapangidwe kapangidwe kake kaphatikizanso kapangidwe kazipembedzo zachikale zaku Russia ndi zomwe zidapangidwa mu Italy kuchokera ku Renaissance.

Blagoveshchensky tchalitchi yomwe ili pakona yakumwera chakumadzulo kwa bwaloli. Mu 1291 mpingo wamatabwa unamangidwa kuno, koma patatha zaka zana udawotchedwa ndikusinthidwa ndi mpingo wamiyala. Tchalitchichi chamiyala yoyera chili ndi nyumba za anyezi zisanu ndi zinayi m'mipando yake ndipo amapangira miyambo yabanja.

Maola ogwira ntchito amatchalitchi akuluakulu: 10:00 mpaka 17:00 (kutsekedwa Lachinayi). Tikiti imodzi yoyendera itenga ma ruble 500 kwa akulu ndi ma ruble 250 kwa ana.

Nyumba zachifumu ndi mabwalo a Moscow Kremlin

• Nyumba Ya Grand Kremlin - Awa ndi nyumba zingapo zoyimilira, zopangidwa mzaka zosiyana ndipo zidakhala ngati nyumba ya atsogoleri akulu aku Russia, komanso munthawi yathu ya apurezidenti.
• Nyumba Yachifumu ya Terem - nyumba ya nsanjika zisanu, yokongoletsedwa ndi mafelemu olemera osema bwino ndi denga lamata.

• Nyumba yachifumu ya mabishopu - nyumba ya m'zaka za zana la 17, yasunga mawonekedwe osowa amangidwe amitundu yanthawi imeneyo. Nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale imapereka zodzikongoletsera, mbale zokongola, zojambula, zinthu zakusaka kwachifumu. Iconostasis yokongola ya Ascension Monastery, yomwe idawonongedwa mu 1929, idakalipobe.
• Nyumba Ya Senate - nyumba yosanja itatu yomwe idapangidwa kalembedwe koyambirira ka neoclassical. Poyamba, nyumba yachifumuyo imayenera kukhala nyumba ya Senate, koma masiku ano ilipo ngati nthumwi yapakati pa Purezidenti wa Russia.

Mwa malo otchuka ku Moscow Kremlin, malo otsatirawa ayenera kudziwika:

Moscow nsanja Kremlin

Makomawo ndi a 2235 mita kutalika kwake, kutalika kwake ndi 19 mita, ndipo makulidwe ake amafikira 6.5 mita.

Pali nsanja 20 zotetezera zofananira. Nsanja zitatu zamakona zimakhala ndi maziko ozungulira, enawo 17 ndi amakona anayi.

Utatu Tower ndilo lalitali kwambiri, lokwera mamita 80 kutalika.

Otsika kwambiri - Kutafya nsanja (13.5 mita) ili kunja kwa khoma.

Nsanja zinayi zili ndi zipata zolowera:

Nsonga za nsanja zinayi izi, zomwe zimawoneka ngati zokongola kwambiri, zimakongoletsedwa ndi nyenyezi zofiira zophiphiritsa za nthawi ya Soviet.

Wotchi ya Spasskaya Tower idawonekera koyamba m'zaka za zana la 15, koma idawotchedwa mu 1656. Pa Disembala 9, 1706, likulu lidamva ma chimes koyamba, lomwe lidalengeza ola latsopano. Kuyambira pamenepo, zochitika zambiri zachitika: nkhondo zidamenyedwa, mizinda idasinthidwa mayina, mitu yasinthidwa, koma ma chimes otchuka a Moscow Kremlin amakhalabe chronometer yayikulu ku Russia.

Ivan wamkulu bell tower

Bell tower (81 mita kutalika) ndiye nyumba yayitali kwambiri pagulu la Kremlin. Inamangidwa pakati pa 1505 ndi 1508 ndipo imagwirabe ntchito m'matchalitchi akuluakulu atatu omwe alibe ma bell awo - Arkhangelsk, Assumption ndi Annunciation.

Pafupi pali tchalitchi chaching'ono cha St. John, pomwe dzina la bell tower ndi lalikulu limachokera. Zinakhalapo mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 16, kenako zidagwa ndipo kuyambira pamenepo zawonongeka kwambiri.

Chipinda Chokhazikika

The Faceted Chamber ndiye holo yayikulu yaphwando la akalonga aku Moscow; ndiye nyumba yakale kwambiri yomwe idapulumuka mumzindawu. Pakali pano ndi holo yovomerezeka ya Purezidenti wa Russia, kotero ndi yotsekedwa kuti ipite kokayenda.

Gulu Lankhondo ndi Fund ya Daimondi

Chipindacho chidamangidwa ndi lamulo la Peter I kuti asunge zida zankhondo. Ntchito yomanga idapitilira, kuyambira mu 1702 ndikutha mu 1736 chifukwa cha mavuto azachuma. Mu 1812 chipinda chidaphulitsidwa pankhondo yolimbana ndi Napoleon, idamangidwanso kokha mu 1828. Tsopano Armory ndi nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale, yomwe imatha kuchezeredwa tsiku lililonse sabata kuyambira 10: 00 mpaka 18: 00, kupatula Lachinayi. Mtengo wamatikiti akuluakulu ndi ma ruble 700, kwa ana ndiufulu.

Izi sizowonetseratu za malonda a zida zokha, komanso Diamond Fund. Chiwonetsero chokhazikika cha State Diamond Fund chidatsegulidwa koyamba ku Moscow Kremlin mu 1967. Zodzikongoletsera zapadera ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali ndizofunika kwambiri pano, ambiri aiwo adalandidwa pambuyo pa Revolution ya Okutobala. Maola otseguka - kuyambira 10: 00 mpaka 17: 20 tsiku lililonse kupatula Lachinayi. Tikiti ya akulu muyenera kulipira ma ruble 500, kuti tikiti la ana lilowe ma ruble 100.

Ma diamondi awiri omwe ali pachiwonetsero amayenera kusamalidwa mwapadera, chifukwa ndi zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri zamtengo wapatali padziko lapansi:

1. Diamondi "Orlov" mu ndodo ya Catherine II.
2. Diamondi "Shah", yomwe Tsar Nicholas ndidalandira mu 1829 kuchokera ku Persia.

Tikukulangizani kuti muyang'ane ku Kolomna Kremlin.

Mfundo zosangalatsa za 10 za Kremlin ya Moscow

1. Siyo nyumba yachifumu yayikulu yokha ku Russia, komanso linga lalikulu kwambiri ku Europe konse. Zachidziwikire, panali nyumba zina zambiri, koma Moscow Kremlin ndiyo yokha yomwe ikugwiritsabe ntchito.
2. Makoma a Kremlin anali oyera. Makomawo adapeza njerwa zawo zofiira kumapeto kwa zaka za 19th. Kuti muwone White Kremlin, fufuzani ntchito zaluso za mzaka za zana la 18 kapena 19 monga Pyotr Vereshchagin kapena Alexei Savrasov.
3. Red Square ilibe kanthu kofiyira. Dzinalo limachokera ku liwu lakale lachi Russia loti "ofiira", lomwe limatanthauza lokongola, ndipo silikugwirizana ndi mtundu wa nyumba zomwe tikudziwa kuti zinali zoyera mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19.
4. Nyenyezi za Moscow Kremlin zinali ziwombankhanga. Munthawi ya Russia ya Tsarist, nsanja zinayi za Kremlin zidavekedwa ndi ziwombankhanga zokhala ndi mitu iwiri, zomwe zakhala zida zaku Russia kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 15. Mu 1935, boma la Soviet lidalowa m'malo mwa ziwombankhanga, zomwe zidasungunuka ndikusintha nyenyezi zisanu ndi ziwiri zomwe timawona lero. Nyenyezi yachisanu pa Vodovzvodnaya Tower idawonjezeredwa pambuyo pake.
5. Nyumba za Kremlin zili ndi mayina. Mwa nsanja 20 za Kremlin, awiri okha alibe mayina awo.
6. Kremlin imamangidwa mwamphamvu. Kumbuyo kwa makoma a 225 mita Kremlin pali mabwalo 5 ndi nyumba 18, zomwe zotchuka kwambiri ndi Spasskaya Tower, Ivan the Great Bell Tower, Assumption Cathedral, Trinity Tower ndi Terem Palace.
7. Moscow Kremlin sinasokonezedwe mu Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse. Pa nthawi ya nkhondo, boma la Kremlin linabisidwa mosamala kuti liwoneke ngati nyumba yogona. Nyumba za tchalitchi ndi nsanja zotchuka zobiriwira zidapangidwa zaimvi ndi zofiirira, motsatana, zitseko zabodza ndi mawindo adalumikizidwa pamakoma a Kremlin, ndipo Red Square inali yolemedwa ndi nyumba zamatabwa.
8. Kremlin ili mu Guinness Book of Record. Ku Kremlin ku Moscow, mutha kuwona belu lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi komanso mfuti yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Mu 1735, belu lokwera mita 6.14 lidapangidwa ndi kuponyera chitsulo, Tsar Cannon wolemera matani 39.312 adatayika mu 1586 ndipo sanagwiritsidwepo ntchito pankhondo.
9. Nyenyezi za Kremlin zimawala nthawi zonse. Mu zaka 80 zakukhalapo kwake, kuyatsa kwa nyenyezi za Kremlin kunazimitsidwa kawiri kokha. Nthawi yoyamba inali munkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse pomwe Kremlin idabisala kuti ibise kwa omwe akuphulitsa bomba. Kachiwiri adazimitsidwa kuti akawonere kanema. Woyang'anira wopambana Oscar Oscar Nikita Mikhalkov adajambula zojambulazo ku Siberia Barber.
10. Wotchi ya Kremlin ili ndi chinsinsi chozama. Chinsinsi cha kulondola kwa wotchi ya Kremlin kwenikweni ili pansi pa mapazi athu. Wotchi imalumikizidwa ndi wotchi yoyang'anira ku Sternberg Astronomical Institute kudzera pa chingwe.

Onerani kanemayo: Dimash Kudaibergen - D-Dynasty Moscow Kremlin Concert (November 2024).